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Anthropology 100 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we study primates?

A
  • they are going extinct and we need to work on conservation
  • offer a window into our evolutionary past
  • provide understanding of evolutionary process
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2
Q

What are the physical traits of primates?

A

mammals,

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3
Q

ancestral traits

A

five digits, general limb structure (flexibility), locomotion, generalized diet and teeth

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4
Q

derived traits

A

tendency for upright position, foramen magnum back top of skull, grasping hands, opposable thumbs, nails (no claws), focus on vision (color), decreased smell,
petrosal bulla

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5
Q

do all primates have these characteristics?

A

no

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6
Q

behavioral traits of primates

A

flexible behavior, diurnal vs nocturnal, arboreal vs terrestrial, social vs solitary,

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7
Q

life history traits of primates

A

single births, investment in few babies, complex brain, extended ontogeny, big brains

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8
Q

why do we look at trends?

A

there are features that characterize most primates but not all of them

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9
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses for the origin of primate characteristics?

A

arboreal and visual predation

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10
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to arboreal life (rotating shoulder, wide spread toes and thumbs, etc.)

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11
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

characteristics that were well-suited to scurrying around in trees and visual features in particular, such as convergent orbits, are adaptations to insect predation

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12
Q

wha are the two suborders

A

-strepsirhines
- haplorhines

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13
Q

what animals are apart of the strepsirhines?

A

lorises
lemurs

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14
Q

what animals are haplorhines?

A

tarsiers
monkeys
apes
humans

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15
Q

specific features of strepsirhines?

A

dental comb
grooming claw
focus on smell (rhinarium)
no color vision
locomotion (vertical clinger and leaper)

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16
Q

specific features of loris

A

africa and asia
very small
arboreal
nocturnal

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17
Q

specific features of lemur

A

madagascar
very small/small
arboreal and terrestrial
diurnal and nocturnal

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18
Q

specific features of haplorhines

A

emphasis on vision over smell
plate behind eyes

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19
Q

specific features of tarsiers

A

small
nocturnal
vertical clinger
grooming claw
no dental comb
post orbital closure
“really big eyes”

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20
Q

what are platarhines

A

new world monkeys

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21
Q

features of nwm/platarhines

A

central and south america
small
quadrupedal
mostly diurnal

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22
Q

what is the only nwm that is nocturnal

A

owl monkey

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23
Q

features of nwm: marmosets and tamarins

A

-give birth to twins
-polyandrous (one reproducing female in the group)
-claws or claw-like nails

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24
Q

features of nwm: spider and howler monkey

A

-largest nwm
-prehensile tails
-really slow

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25
what are catarrhines
apes, humans, owm
26
features of catarrhines
-larger body size -diverse habitats
27
features of owm
-quadrupedal -sexual dimorphism -ischial callosities -bilophdont molars
28
what is sexual dimorphism
difference in body size between males and females
29
what is ischial callosities
thickened layers of tissue overlaying expansions of the hip bones (bubblegum butts)
30
what is bilophodont molars
there are 4 peaks that are parallel
31
two families of owm
-cercopithecines -colobines
32
features of cercopthecines
-baboons and macaques -cheek pouches -lives in africa
33
features of colobines
-leaf eaters -special stomach -sharp molars
34
features of apes
-no tails -anatomy for brachiation (long arms, short trunk) - y-5 molars (like humans) -increased brain size -social complexity
35
examples of apes (5)
-gibbon -orangutan -bonobo -gorilla -chimpanzee
36
features of a gibbon
-long arms and arboreal (brachiation) -most vocal -socially monogamous, but not always sexually monogamous -indonesia
37
features of orangutan
-asia -fist walkers -relatively solitary -extreme sexual dimorphism eats fruits, leaves, bark
38
features of gorilla
-africa -extreme sexual dimorphism -one male multi female (polygyny) -knuckle walker -calm -eats mixed veggies, fruit if available
39
features of bonobos
-africa -multi male multi female -use sex to relieve tension -knuckle walker -fruit veggies, some meat
40
features of chimpanzee
-africa -multi male multi female -knuckle walkers -tool use -fission-fusion: come back together as needed -size of group depends on resources
41
what kind of food do small animals need
high quality
42
what kind of food do large animals need
low quality, but needs alot
43
features of insectivores
small body size high, sharp crests of molars simple digestive sysetms
44
features of herbivores
large body size sharp, shearing, molars enlarged, well developed digestive system
45
features of frugivore
medium sized large incisors low, flat molars large, unspecialized digestive system
46
features of gumnivore
small body size large incisors claws in some
47
what is primate ecology
the study of interrelationships of animals, plants, and their physical envrionment
48
what are the factors that determine the amount and quality of food required (4)
-base metabolic rate -active metabolism -growth periods -reproductive effort
49
what is home range
the spatial area used by a primate group -must contain water, food, shelter, mates
50
what factors influence the size of home range
-availability of food -seasonality of food -leaves vs fruit
51
what is territory
-part of home range that is defended against other members of the same species
52
How does the home range differ between primates with different diets?
primates with a diverse diet can have a large home range while a primate with a limited diet will have a small home range
53
What factors influence whether they are territorial or not?
if there are key resources that non human primate groups are willing to protect
54
How do primates mark territories
vocalizing scent physical displays
55
What are the benefits of being territorial?
exclusive access to food, mates, breeding sites, and shelter.
56
what are costs of being territorial?
takes alot of energy to protect your territory
57
Which primates are most vulnerable to predation?
small, terrestrial
58
How do primates avoid predation?
vocalization increased group size
59
predator defense arboreal
run and hide
60
predator defense terrestrial
larger body size and larger group size
61
Why are primates social?
-predator avoidance -feeding competition (defend food patches)
62
costs of being social
-more competition for food and mates -disease transmission
63
types of primate study (3)
-captive -semi free -field
64
captive study
zoo
65
semi-free ranging
cayo santiago (put on an island to study)
66
field study
-jane goodall -dian fossey -birute galdikas -going into their habitats
67
what is sexual selection
differential reproductive success within one sex of any species
68
two types of sexual selection
-reproductive potential -reproductive variance
69
reproductive potential
possible offspring output by one sex rp limited for females females are competed over by males
70
reproductive variance
-a measure of variation from the mean of a population in the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other -all females find mates, many males fail to find mates
71
reproductive strategies in females
-invest in offspring (gestation, lactation) -very few offspring -more food = more offspring -higher rank = more offspring
72
reproductive strategies in males
-energy toward finding new mates -energy toward helping offspring survive -infanticide (death of infant accelerates return to sexual receptivity)
73
Why is there more variation in male behavior regarding paternal investment compared to females?
males aren't always tied to the offspring while females are at least while they are pregnant
74
What female strategies have developed as a result of infanticide?
-paternity confusion -male friendships
75
What are the 5 social/mating systems of primates?
-solitary -pair bonded -polyandry -polygyny (one male) -polygyny (multimale)
76
which primate sociality is most commmon?
polygyny
77
What is altruism?
a selfless behavior at a cost to the actor
78
What is kin selection?
enhancing your own reproductive success by saving the life of or helping a relative
79
How does kin selection help to explain altruistic behavior?
-help relatives -genes continue -compassion continues
80
what is inclusive fitness?
-individual fitness + shared portion of relatives fitness -parents, siblings: 1/2 of our genes -aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews: 1/4 of genes -cousins: 1/8 of genes
81
reciprocal altruism
individuals balance reciprocal acts
82
examples of reciprocal altruism
-grooming, -food sharing -coalitionary support (alliances)
83
origins of intelligence (2)
-result of social complexity -result of ecological complexity
84
what is result of social complexity
-Have ideas of what others are thinking -understanding relationships -whats acceptable and whats not
85
what is result of ecological complexity
-can you eat a variety of food or not? -smarter things eat more of a variety and can solve more problems
86
What do we know about primate tool use as it relates to intelligence?
requires planning, forethought, creativity
87
Why do primates use tools?
food procurement
88
What is culture?
a set of learned behaviors that is transmitted from one generation to the next by non-biological means
89
evidence of culture in nonhuman primates
Kibale Forest chimpanzees were found to use sticks to get at the honey in a fallen log, whereas Budongo Forest chimpanzees used chewed leaves as sponges to collect the same thing
90
communication and language capabilities
-great apes lack physical ability to speak -able to communicate with sign language, paintings, pictures
91
reconciliation in primates
embracing, grooming, mounting, kissing, and other friendly body contacts. In bonobos, reconciliation is often effected through play and gential contacts.
92
grief in primates
carrying the corpse with of their infant them, sometimes for months,
93
anthropomorphism
attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities
94
anthropodenial
blindness to human-like characteristics in other animals

Anthropology 100 (3 decks)

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