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Anthropology 100 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we study primates?

A
  • they are going extinct and we need to work on conservation
  • offer a window into our evolutionary past
  • provide understanding of evolutionary process
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2
Q

What are the physical traits of primates?

A

mammals,

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3
Q

ancestral traits

A

five digits, general limb structure (flexibility), locomotion, generalized diet and teeth

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4
Q

derived traits

A

tendency for upright position, foramen magnum back top of skull, grasping hands, opposable thumbs, nails (no claws), focus on vision (color), decreased smell,
petrosal bulla

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5
Q

do all primates have these characteristics?

A

no

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6
Q

behavioral traits of primates

A

flexible behavior, diurnal vs nocturnal, arboreal vs terrestrial, social vs solitary,

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7
Q

life history traits of primates

A

single births, investment in few babies, complex brain, extended ontogeny, big brains

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8
Q

why do we look at trends?

A

there are features that characterize most primates but not all of them

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9
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses for the origin of primate characteristics?

A

arboreal and visual predation

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10
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to arboreal life (rotating shoulder, wide spread toes and thumbs, etc.)

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11
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

characteristics that were well-suited to scurrying around in trees and visual features in particular, such as convergent orbits, are adaptations to insect predation

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12
Q

wha are the two suborders

A

-strepsirhines
- haplorhines

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13
Q

what animals are apart of the strepsirhines?

A

lorises
lemurs

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14
Q

what animals are haplorhines?

A

tarsiers
monkeys
apes
humans

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15
Q

specific features of strepsirhines?

A

dental comb
grooming claw
focus on smell (rhinarium)
no color vision
locomotion (vertical clinger and leaper)

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16
Q

specific features of loris

A

africa and asia
very small
arboreal
nocturnal

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17
Q

specific features of lemur

A

madagascar
very small/small
arboreal and terrestrial
diurnal and nocturnal

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18
Q

specific features of haplorhines

A

emphasis on vision over smell
plate behind eyes

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19
Q

specific features of tarsiers

A

small
nocturnal
vertical clinger
grooming claw
no dental comb
post orbital closure
“really big eyes”

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20
Q

what are platarhines

A

new world monkeys

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21
Q

features of nwm/platarhines

A

central and south america
small
quadrupedal
mostly diurnal

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22
Q

what is the only nwm that is nocturnal

A

owl monkey

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23
Q

features of nwm: marmosets and tamarins

A

-give birth to twins
-polyandrous (one reproducing female in the group)
-claws or claw-like nails

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24
Q

features of nwm: spider and howler monkey

A

-largest nwm
-prehensile tails
-really slow

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25
Q

what are catarrhines

A

apes, humans, owm

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26
Q

features of catarrhines

A

-larger body size
-diverse habitats

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27
Q

features of owm

A

-quadrupedal
-sexual dimorphism
-ischial callosities
-bilophdont molars

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28
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

difference in body size between males and females

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29
Q

what is ischial callosities

A

thickened layers of tissue overlaying expansions of the hip bones (bubblegum butts)

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30
Q

what is bilophodont molars

A

there are 4 peaks that are parallel

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31
Q

two families of owm

A

-cercopithecines
-colobines

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32
Q

features of cercopthecines

A

-baboons and macaques
-cheek pouches
-lives in africa

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33
Q

features of colobines

A

-leaf eaters
-special stomach
-sharp molars

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34
Q

features of apes

A

-no tails
-anatomy for brachiation (long arms, short trunk)
- y-5 molars (like humans)
-increased brain size
-social complexity

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35
Q

examples of apes (5)

A

-gibbon
-orangutan
-bonobo
-gorilla
-chimpanzee

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36
Q

features of a gibbon

A

-long arms and arboreal (brachiation)
-most vocal
-socially monogamous, but not always sexually monogamous
-indonesia

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37
Q

features of orangutan

A

-asia
-fist walkers
-relatively solitary
-extreme sexual dimorphism
eats fruits, leaves, bark

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38
Q

features of gorilla

A

-africa
-extreme sexual dimorphism
-one male multi female (polygyny)
-knuckle walker
-calm
-eats mixed veggies, fruit if available

39
Q

features of bonobos

A

-africa
-multi male multi female
-use sex to relieve tension
-knuckle walker
-fruit veggies, some meat

40
Q

features of chimpanzee

A

-africa
-multi male multi female
-knuckle walkers
-tool use
-fission-fusion: come back together as needed
-size of group depends on resources

41
Q

what kind of food do small animals need

A

high quality

42
Q

what kind of food do large animals need

A

low quality, but needs alot

43
Q

features of insectivores

A

small body size
high, sharp crests of molars
simple digestive sysetms

44
Q

features of herbivores

A

large body size
sharp, shearing, molars
enlarged, well developed digestive system

45
Q

features of frugivore

A

medium sized
large incisors
low, flat molars
large, unspecialized digestive system

46
Q

features of gumnivore

A

small body size
large incisors
claws in some

47
Q

what is primate ecology

A

the study of interrelationships of animals, plants, and their physical envrionment

48
Q

what are the factors that determine the amount and quality of food required (4)

A

-base metabolic rate
-active metabolism
-growth periods
-reproductive effort

49
Q

what is home range

A

the spatial area used by a primate group
-must contain water, food, shelter, mates

50
Q

what factors influence the size of home range

A

-availability of food
-seasonality of food
-leaves vs fruit

51
Q

what is territory

A

-part of home range that is defended against other members of the same species

52
Q

How does the home range differ between primates with different diets?

A

primates with a diverse diet can have a large home range while a primate with a limited diet will have a small home range

53
Q

What factors influence
whether they are territorial or not?

A

if there are key resources that non human primate groups are willing to protect

54
Q

How do primates mark territories

A

vocalizing
scent
physical displays

55
Q

What are the benefits of being territorial?

A

exclusive access to food, mates, breeding sites, and shelter.

56
Q

what are costs of being territorial?

A

takes alot of energy to protect your territory

57
Q

Which primates are most vulnerable to predation?

A

small, terrestrial

58
Q

How do primates avoid predation?

A

vocalization
increased group size

59
Q

predator defense arboreal

A

run and hide

60
Q

predator defense terrestrial

A

larger body size and larger group size

61
Q

Why are primates social?

A

-predator avoidance
-feeding competition (defend food patches)

62
Q

costs of being social

A

-more competition for food and mates
-disease transmission

63
Q

types of primate study (3)

A

-captive
-semi free
-field

64
Q

captive study

A

zoo

65
Q

semi-free ranging

A

cayo santiago (put on an island to study)

66
Q

field study

A

-jane goodall
-dian fossey
-birute galdikas
-going into their habitats

67
Q

what is sexual selection

A

differential reproductive success within one sex of any species

68
Q

two types of sexual selection

A

-reproductive potential
-reproductive variance

69
Q

reproductive potential

A

possible offspring output by one sex
rp limited for females
females are competed over by males

70
Q

reproductive variance

A

-a measure of variation from the mean of a population in the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other
-all females find mates, many males fail to find mates

71
Q

reproductive strategies in females

A

-invest in offspring (gestation, lactation)
-very few offspring
-more food = more offspring
-higher rank = more offspring

72
Q

reproductive strategies in males

A

-energy toward finding new mates
-energy toward helping offspring survive
-infanticide (death of infant accelerates return to sexual receptivity)

73
Q

Why is there more variation in male behavior regarding paternal investment compared to females?

A

males aren’t always tied to the offspring while females are at least while they are pregnant

74
Q

What female strategies have developed as a result of infanticide?

A

-paternity confusion
-male friendships

75
Q

What are the 5 social/mating systems of primates?

A

-solitary
-pair bonded
-polyandry
-polygyny (one male)
-polygyny (multimale)

76
Q

which primate sociality is most commmon?

A

polygyny

77
Q

What is altruism?

A

a selfless behavior at a cost to the actor

78
Q

What is kin selection?

A

enhancing your own reproductive success by saving the life of or helping a relative

79
Q

How does kin selection help to explain altruistic behavior?

A

-help relatives
-genes continue
-compassion continues

80
Q

what is inclusive fitness?

A

-individual fitness + shared portion of relatives fitness
-parents, siblings: 1/2 of our genes
-aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews: 1/4 of genes
-cousins: 1/8 of genes

81
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

individuals balance reciprocal acts

82
Q

examples of reciprocal altruism

A

-grooming,
-food sharing
-coalitionary support (alliances)

83
Q

origins of intelligence (2)

A

-result of social complexity
-result of ecological complexity

84
Q

what is result of social complexity

A

-Have ideas of what others are thinking
-understanding relationships
-whats acceptable and whats not

85
Q

what is result of ecological complexity

A

-can you eat a variety of food or not?
-smarter things eat more of a variety and can solve more problems

86
Q

What do we know about primate tool use as it relates to intelligence?

A

requires planning, forethought, creativity

87
Q

Why do primates use tools?

A

food procurement

88
Q

What is culture?

A

a set of learned behaviors that is transmitted from one generation to the next by non-biological means

89
Q

evidence of culture in nonhuman primates

A

Kibale Forest chimpanzees were found to use sticks to get at the honey in a fallen log, whereas Budongo Forest chimpanzees used chewed leaves as sponges to collect the same thing

90
Q

communication and language capabilities

A

-great apes lack physical ability to speak
-able to communicate with sign language, paintings, pictures

91
Q

reconciliation in primates

A

embracing, grooming, mounting, kissing, and other friendly body contacts. In bonobos, reconciliation is often effected through play and gential contacts.

92
Q

grief in primates

A

carrying the corpse with of their infant them, sometimes for months,

93
Q

anthropomorphism

A

attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities

94
Q

anthropodenial

A

blindness to human-like characteristics in other animals

Anthropology 100 (3 decks)

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