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Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

system of classifying species

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2
Q

Hierarchy of taxonomic categories in order (Dad, Keep, Piling, Cookies, On, Four, Green, Saucers

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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3
Q

Domain is _____ inclusive

A

most

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4
Q

Species is _______ inclusive

A

least

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5
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of species

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6
Q

Phylogeny based on

A

fossil record, morphological, homologous, molecular homologies

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7
Q

Cladistics determines

A

relationships based on shared characteristics inherited from common ancestors

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8
Q

Clade

A

group of species that includes ancestral species, all descendants

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9
Q

Vertebrates are a clade bc

A

all have inherited a backbone from their common ancestors

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10
Q

Outgroup

A

group not belonging to group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated

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11
Q

More closely related species

A

share more common ancestors

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12
Q

Nucleic acid surrounded by

A

protein coat

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13
Q

Viruses also called

A

genes in a box

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14
Q

Viruses can not

A

reproduce on its own

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15
Q

Viruses penetrates

A

host cell and is reproduced by host

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16
Q

The host cells ____ releases the viruses

A

lyses

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17
Q

Viruses are not affected by

A

antibiotics

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18
Q

Antiviral drugs do what

A

don’t destroy virus but slows their activity in host

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19
Q

Vaccinations do what

A

prepares immune system to attack and destroy viruses immediately

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20
Q

Prokaryotes are in domains

A

bacteria and archaea

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21
Q

Bacteria and archaea are filled with

A

single cell microbes that lack nucleus and organelles

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22
Q

Cell wall on prokaryotes does what

A

-enables prokaryotes to live in wide range of environments
-physical protection
-prevents bursting due to osmotic pressure

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23
Q

Prokaryote may be surrounded by capsule that

A

glues cells to surfaces, shields from immune system

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24
Q

Motility

A

move toward door or away from toxin

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25
Q

Features that contribute to single cell microbes success

A

cell wall, motility, adapt rapidly, wide nutritional diversity,

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26
Q

Prokaryotes adapt rapidly to

A

changes in environment

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27
Q

Autotrophs do what

A

make food by storing energy from sun or chemicals

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28
Q

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria is

A

blue-green algae important in aquatic food webs

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29
Q

Chemoautotrophic bacteria are

A

producers in hydrothermal vents that get energy from chemicals, basis of food chain

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30
Q

Heterotrophs do what

A

obtain energy by breaking down food

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31
Q

Heterotrophic prokaryotes do what

A

decompose organic material, return nutrients to ecosystems

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32
Q

Heterotrophic prokaryotes consume

A

molecules that many eukaryotes can’t digest

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33
Q

Some prokaryotes produce

A

methane (CH4), less abundant, more potent greenhouse gas compared to CO2

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34
Q

Prokaryotes used to clean up

A

waste called bioremediation

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35
Q

Genetically engineered bacteria produce

A

many gene products, such as insulin or other proteins that stimulate growth or dissolve blood clots

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36
Q

Diseases that need bacteria to help include

A

bacteria meningitis, pneumonia, pink eye, STDs

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37
Q

Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, pink eye, STDs do what

A

-infect host to consume tissues for nutrients
-may secrete toxins or destructive enzymes

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38
Q

Archaea is moser closely related to

A

eukarya

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39
Q

Archie associated with

A

extreme environments

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40
Q

Bacteria have

A

peptidoglycan in cell walls

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41
Q

Protists are

A

eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

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42
Q

Protists are

A

-mostly single, highly complex cells
-some for colonies
-some such as seaweed are multicellular
have diverse habitats, food sources

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43
Q

Important, interesting groups of protists include

A

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Brown algae(seaweed), Water molds, Ciliates, Euglenoids, Amoebozoans, Red algae, Green algae

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44
Q

Diatoms are

A

-photosynthetic, silica shells
-marine freshwater, key source of food in both exosystems
-protists

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45
Q

Dinoflagellates are

A

-named for motion of two flagella
-cell walls resemble armored plates
-includes heterotrophs, nico troops, autotrophs, also key source of food
-some live within coral tissue ,providing food
-blooms cause toxic red tide
-protists

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46
Q

Brown algae(seaweed) is

A

-brownish yellow chlorophyll
-similar to plants but not related
-protists

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47
Q

Water molds they

A

-decompose dead organisms
-parasize live organism
-protists

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48
Q

Ciliates are

A

-named for numerous cilia
-protists

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49
Q

Euglenids have

A

-flagella, no cell wall, red eye spot, mixotrophs
-protists

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50
Q

Amoebozoans do what

A

-move by pseudopodia
-amoeba, slime molds grouped as amoebozoans due to pseudopod
-protists

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51
Q

Red algae (seaweed) are

A

-mostly marine
-food base of marine ecosystems
-protists

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52
Q

Green algae are

A

-multicellular, colonial or single called, marine or fresh water
-closet related to plants
-protists

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53
Q

Hypothesized evolution

A

cells of colonial protists specialized for separate functions

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54
Q

Fungi are

A

spore producing heterotrophs that absorb food

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55
Q

Spore is a

A

haploid cell capable of developing into adult

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56
Q

Fungi are mostly

A

multicellular with chitin in cell walls

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57
Q

Water molds do not have

A

chitin

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58
Q

Body of fungi consists

A

-or one cel thick filaments called hyphae
-branched mass of hyphae for feeding body called mycelium(mold)

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59
Q

Mycelium =

A

mold

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60
Q

Each mycelium grown from

A

an individual spore

61
Q

Hyphae do this

A

-grow by penetrating food source
-secrete digestive enzymes, absorb degraded food
-feed on decaying organic matter(saprobes) and parasites

62
Q

Fungi can produce spores

A

sexually or asexually or by mycelium fragmentation

63
Q

Oldest known fungus fossils are

A

chytrids

64
Q

Chytrids feed on

A

dead aquatic material, some are parasites

65
Q

Lichens is partnership of

A

algae, fungi or between fungi, cyanobacteria

66
Q

Lichens do this

A

-grow on variety of surfaces
-can survive environmental extremes
-very diverse in form

67
Q

Mycorrhizae is partnership with

A

plant roots
-hyphae surrounded plant root, invade root
-fungal mycelium digests, absorbs nutrients, water for plant

68
Q

Decomposers do this

A

saprobes return nutrients to ecosystem, enrich soil

69
Q

Enzymes digest major structural components of plants called

A

cellulose, lignin

70
Q

Plants descended from

A

ancient freshwater green algae

71
Q

Plants shared ancestral traits such as

A

-same chlorophyll, have starch, cellulose
-DNA sequence similarities

72
Q

Pros of plants adaptations to move from water to land

A

lot of sunlight on land l, minerals and few predators and pathogens

73
Q

Cons of plants adaptations to move from water to land

A

water isn’t always available on land, but is used for support, photosynthesis, reproduction

74
Q

Waxy Cuticle, stomata, and leaf hairs of plants do what

A

limit evaporation

75
Q

Roots of plants do what

A

absorb water, minerals

76
Q

Vascular tissue of plants do what

A

vessels transport water, nutrients

77
Q

Cell walls of plants are

A

reinforced with lignin have additional strength

78
Q

Plant reproduction is

A

alternation of generations, nurtured embryo

79
Q

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) include and are

A

liverworts, mosses
-without vascular tissue to distribute water and provide support, plants are short

80
Q

Vascular plants include and are

A

ferns, seed plants
-cells joined into tubes that transport water, dissolved materials

81
Q

Xylem are

A

microscopic tubes transport water, dissolved minerals up from roots

82
Q

Phloem are

A

tubes distribute sugars throughout plant

83
Q

Seedless vascular plants include and do

A

club misses, horsetails, ferns
-release spores and lignin in vascular tissue cell walls strengthens, provides support

84
Q

Gametophyte makes

A

both egg, sperm

85
Q

Seed plants don’t require and don’t

A

-after for reproduction
-release their spores, but make pollen and seeds instead

86
Q

Gymnosperms are

A

non-flowering seed plants such as conifers, ginkgos, and cycads

87
Q

Angiosperms are

A

flowering seed plants that have dominated Earth for 100 million year

88
Q

Diploid sporophytes produce

A

haploid spores

89
Q

Haploid gametophytes produce

A

haploid gametes

90
Q

Vascular plants have

A

xylem, phloem

91
Q

Seedless plants release

A

spores and sperm swims to egg

92
Q

Seed plants do or don’t require water to reproduce

A

dont

93
Q

Seed plants make

A

pollen and seeds instead of spores

94
Q

Pollen is the

A

male gametophyte

95
Q

Cones, flowers contain reproductive stages:

A

-spores
-gametophyte
-gametes
-zygote
-embryo

96
Q

Gymnospersm are

A

nom flowering seed plants such as conifers, ginkgos, cycads

97
Q

male cone=

A

pollen (male gametophytes)

98
Q

female cone=

A

seeds

99
Q

angiosperms are

A

flowering seed plants that have dominated Earth for 100 million years

100
Q

Angiosperms are gametophytes in

A

flowers

101
Q

Gymnosperms are gametophytes in

A

cones, wind blown pollen

102
Q

make stamens on a flower are the

A

anther, filament

103
Q

female carpel in a flower are

A

stigma, style, ovary with ovule

104
Q

Flower is the

A

organ or sexual reproduction

105
Q

Ovary becomes

A

fruit that disperses seeds

106
Q

plant is sporophyte so

A

cells in flower undergo meiosis, yield soores

107
Q

sporophyte meiosis yields

A

spores thay become gametophytes

108
Q

Pollen=

A

male gametophyte

109
Q

Embryo sac is a

A

female gametophyte within ovule, within ovary

110
Q

Pollination=

A

pollen arrives at stigma

111
Q

Fertilization is

A

make, female gametes unite

112
Q

Ovule develops into a seed so

A

zygote becomes embryo

113
Q

Tissues are

A

specialized cells that work together

114
Q

Sponges=

A

multicellular, no true tissue

115
Q

Choanocytes do what

A

draw water into sponge, filter and ingest microorganisms

116
Q

Cnidarian=

A

-tissues, radial symmetry, no organs, cnidocytes
-hydra, anemones, jellyfish, corals

117
Q

Flatworms=

A

-bilateral symmetry, simple organs
-flat, ribbon-like, aquatic or moist environments

118
Q

Annelid=

A

segmented worms

119
Q

Mollusk=

A

bivalves, gastrapods, cephalopods

120
Q

Arthropods=

A

-water proof exoskeleton with chitin, complex nervous system
-insects, arachnids, crustaceans

121
Q

Roundworms=

A

-fluid filled body cavity, cuticle

122
Q

Chordates=

A

-notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail
-tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates

123
Q

Echinoderms=

A

-water vascular system, deuterostome,
-sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

124
Q

Deuterostome is what

A

named for extensions of endoskeleton that form spiny skin

125
Q

water vascular system is

A

water filled canals that branch into tube feet

126
Q

Amnion is

A

membrane that surrounds embryo, of reptiles (including birds) and mammals, enclosing them in fluid filled space

127
Q

Plants such as soybeans and peanuts have a reputation for enriching soil by adding nitrogen to it. these plants have root nodules that contain ____ that do the real work of converting atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that plants can use

A

bacteria

128
Q

A mycorrhizae is mutually beneficial association of

A

land plants and fungi

129
Q

fungi usually obtain food by

A

digesting it externally and then absorbing it

130
Q

when you look at an apple tree before it flowers you’re seeing this plants

A

sporophyte generation

131
Q

which part of a flower contains the female gametophyte and matures to become a seed

A

ovule

132
Q

Which of these traits are characteristics of angiosperms

A

-has vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients
-pollen carrie’s speed to egg
-flowers and fruit assist in pollination and seed dispersal
-embryo contained within protective seed

133
Q

which part of the flower is often brightly colored and fragrant to attract pollinators

A

petal

134
Q

which part of the flower becomes the fruit

A

ovary

135
Q

which group of animals has more individuals and more species than all of the others

A

arthropods

136
Q

ray finned fish have

A

bony skeleton and lungs or a king derivative

137
Q

Traits in order

A

vertebrae, jaws, lungs, lobe fins, legs, amniotic egg, mammary glands

138
Q

Amphibians juveniles are usually

A

aquatic

139
Q

Mammals have

A

mammary glands and amniotic membrane

140
Q

scientists believe that the earliest tetrapods were

A

fish that walked from a dried up pond to a new one

141
Q

Radial symmetry

A

has a center and similar parts extending out from the center

142
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

has a left and a right side and a definite head end

143
Q

Protostome has _____ develop first

A

mouth

144
Q

Deuterostome has _____ develop first

A

anus

145
Q

Sponges have no

A

tissues or symmetry

146
Q

Jellyfish have

A

tissues and radial symmetry

147
Q

flat

A
148
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

penetrates host cell and is reproduced by host

Biology (9 decks)

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