Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Taxonomy
A
system of classifying species
2
Q
Hierarchy of taxonomic categories in order (Dad, Keep, Piling, Cookies, On, Four, Green, Saucers
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
3
Q
Domain is _____ inclusive
A
most
4
Q
Species is _______ inclusive
A
least
5
Q
Phylogeny
A
evolutionary history of species
6
Q
Phylogeny based on
A
fossil record, morphological, homologous, molecular homologies
7
Q
Cladistics determines
A
relationships based on shared characteristics inherited from common ancestors
8
Q
Clade
A
group of species that includes ancestral species, all descendants
9
Q
Vertebrates are a clade bc
A
all have inherited a backbone from their common ancestors
10
Q
Outgroup
A
group not belonging to group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated
11
Q
More closely related species
A
share more common ancestors
12
Q
Nucleic acid surrounded by
A
protein coat
13
Q
Viruses also called
A
genes in a box
14
Q
Viruses can not
A
reproduce on its own
15
Q
Viruses penetrates
A
host cell and is reproduced by host
16
Q
The host cells ____ releases the viruses
A
lyses
17
Q
Viruses are not affected by
A
antibiotics
18
Q
Antiviral drugs do what
A
don’t destroy virus but slows their activity in host
19
Q
Vaccinations do what
A
prepares immune system to attack and destroy viruses immediately
20
Q
Prokaryotes are in domains
A
bacteria and archaea
21
Q
Bacteria and archaea are filled with
A
single cell microbes that lack nucleus and organelles
22
Q
Cell wall on prokaryotes does what
A
-enables prokaryotes to live in wide range of environments
-physical protection
-prevents bursting due to osmotic pressure
23
Q
Prokaryote may be surrounded by capsule that
A
glues cells to surfaces, shields from immune system
24
Q
Motility
A
move toward door or away from toxin
25
Features that contribute to single cell microbes success
cell wall, motility, adapt rapidly, wide nutritional diversity,
26
Prokaryotes adapt rapidly to
changes in environment
27
Autotrophs do what
make food by storing energy from sun or chemicals
28
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria is
blue-green algae important in aquatic food webs
29
Chemoautotrophic bacteria are
producers in hydrothermal vents that get energy from chemicals, basis of food chain
30
Heterotrophs do what
obtain energy by breaking down food
31
Heterotrophic prokaryotes do what
decompose organic material, return nutrients to ecosystems
32
Heterotrophic prokaryotes consume
molecules that many eukaryotes can’t digest
33
Some prokaryotes produce
methane (CH4), less abundant, more potent greenhouse gas compared to CO2
34
Prokaryotes used to clean up
waste called bioremediation
35
Genetically engineered bacteria produce
many gene products, such as insulin or other proteins that stimulate growth or dissolve blood clots
36
Diseases that need bacteria to help include
bacteria meningitis, pneumonia, pink eye, STDs
37
Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, pink eye, STDs do what
-infect host to consume tissues for nutrients
-may secrete toxins or destructive enzymes
38
Archaea is moser closely related to
eukarya
39
Archie associated with
extreme environments
40
Bacteria have
peptidoglycan in cell walls
41
Protists are
eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
42
Protists are
-mostly single, highly complex cells
-some for colonies
-some such as seaweed are multicellular
have diverse habitats, food sources
43
Important, interesting groups of protists include
Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Brown algae(seaweed), Water molds, Ciliates, Euglenoids, Amoebozoans, Red algae, Green algae
44
Diatoms are
-photosynthetic, silica shells
-marine freshwater, key source of food in both exosystems
-protists
45
Dinoflagellates are
-named for motion of two flagella
-cell walls resemble armored plates
-includes heterotrophs, nico troops, autotrophs, also key source of food
-some live within coral tissue ,providing food
-blooms cause toxic red tide
-protists
46
Brown algae(seaweed) is
-brownish yellow chlorophyll
-similar to plants but not related
-protists
47
Water molds they
-decompose dead organisms
-parasize live organism
-protists
48
Ciliates are
-named for numerous cilia
-protists
49
Euglenids have
-flagella, no cell wall, red eye spot, mixotrophs
-protists
50
Amoebozoans do what
-move by pseudopodia
-amoeba, slime molds grouped as amoebozoans due to pseudopod
-protists
51
Red algae (seaweed) are
-mostly marine
-food base of marine ecosystems
-protists
52
Green algae are
-multicellular, colonial or single called, marine or fresh water
-closet related to plants
-protists
53
Hypothesized evolution
cells of colonial protists specialized for separate functions
54
Fungi are
spore producing heterotrophs that absorb food
55
Spore is a
haploid cell capable of developing into adult
56
Fungi are mostly
multicellular with chitin in cell walls
57
Water molds do not have
chitin
58
Body of fungi consists
-or one cel thick filaments called hyphae
-branched mass of hyphae for feeding body called mycelium(mold)
59
Mycelium =
mold
60
Each mycelium grown from
an individual spore
61
Hyphae do this
-grow by penetrating food source
-secrete digestive enzymes, absorb degraded food
-feed on decaying organic matter(saprobes) and parasites
62
Fungi can produce spores
sexually or asexually or by mycelium fragmentation
63
Oldest known fungus fossils are
chytrids
64
Chytrids feed on
dead aquatic material, some are parasites
65
Lichens is partnership of
algae, fungi or between fungi, cyanobacteria
66
Lichens do this
-grow on variety of surfaces
-can survive environmental extremes
-very diverse in form
67
Mycorrhizae is partnership with
plant roots
-hyphae surrounded plant root, invade root
-fungal mycelium digests, absorbs nutrients, water for plant
68
Decomposers do this
saprobes return nutrients to ecosystem, enrich soil
69
Enzymes digest major structural components of plants called
cellulose, lignin
70
Plants descended from
ancient freshwater green algae
71
Plants shared ancestral traits such as
-same chlorophyll, have starch, cellulose
-DNA sequence similarities
72
Pros of plants adaptations to move from water to land
lot of sunlight on land l, minerals and few predators and pathogens
73
Cons of plants adaptations to move from water to land
water isn’t always available on land, but is used for support, photosynthesis, reproduction
74
Waxy Cuticle, stomata, and leaf hairs of plants do what
limit evaporation
75
Roots of plants do what
absorb water, minerals
76
Vascular tissue of plants do what
vessels transport water, nutrients
77
Cell walls of plants are
reinforced with lignin have additional strength
78
Plant reproduction is
alternation of generations, nurtured embryo
79
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) include and are
liverworts, mosses
-without vascular tissue to distribute water and provide support, plants are short
80
Vascular plants include and are
ferns, seed plants
-cells joined into tubes that transport water, dissolved materials
81
Xylem are
microscopic tubes transport water, dissolved minerals up from roots
82
Phloem are
tubes distribute sugars throughout plant
83
Seedless vascular plants include and do
club misses, horsetails, ferns
-release spores and lignin in vascular tissue cell walls strengthens, provides support
84
Gametophyte makes
both egg, sperm
85
Seed plants don’t require and don’t
-after for reproduction
-release their spores, but make pollen and seeds instead
86
Gymnosperms are
non-flowering seed plants such as conifers, ginkgos, and cycads
87
Angiosperms are
flowering seed plants that have dominated Earth for 100 million year
88
Diploid sporophytes produce
haploid spores
89
Haploid gametophytes produce
haploid gametes
90
Vascular plants have
xylem, phloem
91
Seedless plants release
spores and sperm swims to egg
92
Seed plants do or don’t require water to reproduce
dont
93
Seed plants make
pollen and seeds instead of spores
94
Pollen is the
male gametophyte
95
Cones, flowers contain reproductive stages:
-spores
-gametophyte
-gametes
-zygote
-embryo
96
Gymnospersm are
nom flowering seed plants such as conifers, ginkgos, cycads
97
male cone=
pollen (male gametophytes)
98
female cone=
seeds
99
angiosperms are
flowering seed plants that have dominated Earth for 100 million years
100
Angiosperms are gametophytes in
flowers
101
Gymnosperms are gametophytes in
cones, wind blown pollen
102
make stamens on a flower are the
anther, filament
103
female carpel in a flower are
stigma, style, ovary with ovule
104
Flower is the
organ or sexual reproduction
105
Ovary becomes
fruit that disperses seeds
106
plant is sporophyte so
cells in flower undergo meiosis, yield soores
107
sporophyte meiosis yields
spores thay become gametophytes
108
Pollen=
male gametophyte
109
Embryo sac is a
female gametophyte within ovule, within ovary
110
Pollination=
pollen arrives at stigma
111
Fertilization is
make, female gametes unite
112
Ovule develops into a seed so
zygote becomes embryo
113
Tissues are
specialized cells that work together
114
Sponges=
multicellular, no true tissue
115
Choanocytes do what
draw water into sponge, filter and ingest microorganisms
116
Cnidarian=
-tissues, radial symmetry, no organs, cnidocytes
-hydra, anemones, jellyfish, corals
117
Flatworms=
-bilateral symmetry, simple organs
-flat, ribbon-like, aquatic or moist environments
118
Annelid=
segmented worms
119
Mollusk=
bivalves, gastrapods, cephalopods
120
Arthropods=
-water proof exoskeleton with chitin, complex nervous system
-insects, arachnids, crustaceans
121
Roundworms=
-fluid filled body cavity, cuticle
122
Chordates=
-notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail
-tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates
123
Echinoderms=
-water vascular system, deuterostome,
-sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
124
Deuterostome is what
named for extensions of endoskeleton that form spiny skin
125
water vascular system is
water filled canals that branch into tube feet
126
Amnion is
membrane that surrounds embryo, of reptiles (including birds) and mammals, enclosing them in fluid filled space
127
Plants such as soybeans and peanuts have a reputation for enriching soil by adding nitrogen to it. these plants have root nodules that contain ____ that do the real work of converting atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that plants can use
bacteria
128
A mycorrhizae is mutually beneficial association of
land plants and fungi
129
fungi usually obtain food by
digesting it externally and then absorbing it
130
when you look at an apple tree before it flowers you’re seeing this plants
sporophyte generation
131
which part of a flower contains the female gametophyte and matures to become a seed
ovule
132
Which of these traits are characteristics of angiosperms
-has vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients
-pollen carrie’s speed to egg
-flowers and fruit assist in pollination and seed dispersal
-embryo contained within protective seed
133
which part of the flower is often brightly colored and fragrant to attract pollinators
petal
134
which part of the flower becomes the fruit
ovary
135
which group of animals has more individuals and more species than all of the others
arthropods
136
ray finned fish have
bony skeleton and lungs or a king derivative
137
Traits in order
vertebrae, jaws, lungs, lobe fins, legs, amniotic egg, mammary glands
138
Amphibians juveniles are usually
aquatic
139
Mammals have
mammary glands and amniotic membrane
140
scientists believe that the earliest tetrapods were
fish that walked from a dried up pond to a new one
141
Radial symmetry
has a center and similar parts extending out from the center
142
Bilateral symmetry
has a left and a right side and a definite head end
143
Protostome has _____ develop first
mouth
144
Deuterostome has _____ develop first
anus
145
Sponges have no
tissues or symmetry
146
Jellyfish have
tissues and radial symmetry
147
flat
148
How do viruses reproduce
penetrates host cell and is reproduced by host
