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Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work
-including synthesizing molecules, moving objects, and generating heat and light

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

movement

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

stored
chemical: released when bonds break

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4
Q

Gasoline + oxygen to

A

Carbon dioxide + water

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5
Q

Combustion releases

A

energy of movement, heat

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6
Q

Combustion

A

gasoline + oxygen to carbon dioxide + water

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7
Q

Glucose + oxygen to

A

carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

Cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen to carbon dioxide + wayer

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9
Q

Cellular respiration releases

A

energy of cell activity, heat

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10
Q

carbon dioxide + water to

A

sugar(glucose) + oxygen

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11
Q

Photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water to sugar + oxygen

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12
Q

Energy required by photosynthesis is

A

stored in products

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13
Q

Exergonic

A

reactions release energy

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14
Q

Endergonic

A

reactions store energy

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15
Q

ATP drives cellular work by

A

coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions

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16
Q

Reactions that use energy from ATP breakdown

A

-dehydration synthesis
-muscle contraction
-active transport of solutes across membrane

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17
Q

ATP to

A

ADP + P

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18
Q

Energy released in exergonic reactions is used to

A

regenerate ATP from ADP

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19
Q

Sucrose + water to

A

glucose + fructose

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20
Q

Adding heat could

A

speed up all reactions

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21
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up reactions by lowering energy requirement
-not used up in reaction
-don’t supply energy

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22
Q

Enzymes are

A

biological catalysts

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23
Q

Enzymes are made of

A

protein

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24
Q

Each enzymes had particular reactants called

A

substrates
-only acts on its own substrates

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25
Q

Low temps
high temps

A

-molecules move slowly so reactions are slower
/enzymes denature

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26
Q

Cells respond to internal environment in part by

A

adjusting enzyme levels

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27
Q

Many enzymes require

A

non protein helpers for reaction to proceed

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28
Q

NAD+ to

A

NADH + H+

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29
Q

Enzyme inhibitors

A

slow down reactions

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30
Q

Enzyme inhibitors can be

A

drugs, poisons

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31
Q

Autotrophs store energy within

A

chemicals(food)

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32
Q

Photosynthetic autotrophs store

A

light energy within chemicals such as glucose

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33
Q

Heterotrophs consume

A

food, burn it to use stored energy

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34
Q

Photosynthetic autotrophs need to use energy they

A

burn the food (glucose) they made

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35
Q

ADP turned into

A

ATP, stored in the last bond

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36
Q

Consumed foods energy is stored in

A

ATP

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37
Q

Need oxygen to burn food by

A

cellular respiration, makimg ATP

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38
Q

Fermentation

A

alternate process to make ATP

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39
Q

Glucose to ATP

A

releases electron from glucose

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40
Q

Electrons without energy transferred to

A

oxygen

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41
Q

When NAD+ carrie’s electrons it’s called

A

NADH

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42
Q

Aerobic pathway

A

aerobic (with O2, reactions in mitochondria that convert pyruvate to carbon dioxide makes lots of atp

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43
Q

in citric acids cycle( aka krebbs cycle), pyruvate is

A

converted to carbon dioxide

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44
Q

in citric acid cycle (krebbs cycle) electrons

A

stored on NADH

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45
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation makes lots of

A

ATP as NADH reverts to NAD+

46
Q

Glycolysis to aerobic metabolism produces

A

lots of ATP over long time

47
Q

Glycolysis to anaerobic pathway (fermentation) produces

A

burst of ATP for short time

48
Q

Photosynthesis

A

reactions in which light energy stored in glucose synthesized from carbon dioxide to water

49
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that make own food; food build high energy molecules out of low energy molecules

50
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

store light energy in glucose

51
Q

Eukaryote photosynthesis occurs in

A

chloroplasts

52
Q

Inside chloroplasts: thylakoids embedded in

A

stroma

53
Q

thylakoids

A

flat membrane sacs with green chlorophyll

54
Q

Light dependent reactions acquire

A

electrons, atp

55
Q

Light independent reactions use

A

electrons, atp to make glucose

56
Q

Kinetic energy (light) and electrons now stored in

A

atp, NADPH

57
Q

energy, electrons of light dependent reactions stored in

A

glucose

58
Q

Cell theory

A

all living things composed of cells, and all cells come from other cells

59
Q

Roles of cell division

A

-growth and maturation
-growth from fertilized egg into multicellular adult
-repair, replacement of cells in adult

60
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

61
Q

Mitosis

A

offspring are clones of parent, cell copies it’s own chromosomes, sorts them into two equal sets, then divided into two daughter cells

62
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

meiosis

63
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that animals use to make gametes, cell copies it’s own chromosomes, mixes them up, divides twice to make four cells

64
Q

Gamete’s

A

eggs in mom, sperm in dad

65
Q

when egg combines with sperm resulting zygote has

A

genes from each parent

66
Q

Gene

A

specific nucleotide sequence in chromosomes dna, encodes a proteins amino acid sequence

67
Q

Daughter cells must have

A

same genetic information

68
Q

duplicated chromosomes attached at

A

centromere
-two copies called chromatids
-sister chromatids are identical

69
Q

Cell cycle

A

ordered sequence of events for cell division

70
Q

Interphase for cell division

A

cell contents duplicate

71
Q

Mitotic phase for cell division

A

nucleus divides, then cell

72
Q

Mitosis

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

73
Q

Interphase(mitosis)

A

-cytoplasm contents double
-chromosomes duplicated
-nucleoli visible

74
Q

Prophase(mitosis)

A

-chromosomes condense, become visible
-spindle forms
-nucleoli, nuclear envelope disappear

75
Q

Metaphase(mitosis)

A

spindle attach to centromeres, aligns chromosomes at metaphase plate

76
Q

Anaphase(mitosis)

A

-sister chromatids separate at centromeres
-separated chromosomes move toward poles

77
Q

Telophase(mitosis)

A

-nuclear envelope re-forms, establishing daughter nuclei
-chromosomes relax
-nucleoli reappear
-spindle disappears

78
Q

Cytokinesis(mitosis)

A

divides cytoplasm to separate cells

79
Q

Cell plate in plant cells

A

forms wall between daughter cells

80
Q

members of chromosomes in pairs are

A

homologs

81
Q

animal body cell nuclei are

A

diploid

82
Q

animal gamete nuclei are

A

haploid

83
Q

Diploid

A

chromosomes in pairs, human body cells have diploid chromosome number of 46, or 2n=46

84
Q

Haploid

A

one of each chromosome, human gamete cells have haploid chromosome number of 23, or n=23

85
Q

Meiosis reduces chromosome number from

A

diploid to haploid

86
Q

Meiosis 1 homologous chromosomes(pairs)

A

seperate

87
Q

meiosis 2 sister chromatids

A

seperate

88
Q

Prophase(meiosis 1)

A

chromosomes condense homologous chromosomes find each other

89
Q

metaphase 1(meiosis 1)

A

pairs align at cell metaphase plate

90
Q

anaphase 1(meiosis 1)

A

homologous pairs separate, move toward opposite poles of cell, notice effects of cross over

91
Q

telophase( meiosis)

A

-duplicated chromosomes reach poles, -nuclear envelope may form, each -nucleus has haploid number of chromosomes

92
Q

Meiosis 1 summary

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase& cytokinesis

93
Q

Meiosis 2

A

-sister chromatids separate
-follows meiosis 1 without chromosome duplication
-both haploid products enter meiosis 2

94
Q

prophase 2(meiosis 2)

A

chromosomes coil, become compact

95
Q

metaphase 2(meiosis 2)

A

chromosomes align at metaphase plate

96
Q

anaphase 2(meiosis 2)

A

sister chromatids separate, chromosomes move toward opposite poles

97
Q

telophase 2( meiosis 2)

A

chromosomes have reached poles of cell nuclear envelope forms

98
Q

with cytokineses in meiosis 2

A

four haploid cells

99
Q

mitosis, how many identical cells with same chromosome number as original cell

A

2

100
Q

meiosis how many genetically different cells with half chromosome number of original cell

A

4

101
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1 or meiosis 2

102
Q

allele

A

alternative version for a gene

103
Q

phenotype

A

physical triat

104
Q

genotype

A

allele combination for trait

105
Q

monohybrid cross

A

both parents have same heterozygous genotype for one gene

106
Q

humans have blank pairs of autos ones, one pair of sec chromosomes

A

22

107
Q

hemophilia and red green color blindness are example of

A

x linked recessive disorders

108
Q

individual diploid organism can have only

A

two alleles per gene

109
Q

law of independent assortment

A

genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis

110
Q

dihybrid cross

A

two parents heterozygous for two genes

Biology (9 decks)

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