Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Energy
A
Capacity to do work
-including synthesizing molecules, moving objects, and generating heat and light
2
Q
Kinetic energy
A
movement
3
Q
Potential energy
A
stored
chemical: released when bonds break
4
Q
Gasoline + oxygen to
A
Carbon dioxide + water
5
Q
Combustion releases
A
energy of movement, heat
6
Q
Combustion
A
gasoline + oxygen to carbon dioxide + water
7
Q
Glucose + oxygen to
A
carbon dioxide + water
8
Q
Cellular respiration
A
glucose + oxygen to carbon dioxide + wayer
9
Q
Cellular respiration releases
A
energy of cell activity, heat
10
Q
carbon dioxide + water to
A
sugar(glucose) + oxygen
11
Q
Photosynthesis
A
carbon dioxide + water to sugar + oxygen
12
Q
Energy required by photosynthesis is
A
stored in products
13
Q
Exergonic
A
reactions release energy
14
Q
Endergonic
A
reactions store energy
15
Q
ATP drives cellular work by
A
coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions
16
Q
Reactions that use energy from ATP breakdown
A
-dehydration synthesis
-muscle contraction
-active transport of solutes across membrane
17
Q
ATP to
A
ADP + P
18
Q
Energy released in exergonic reactions is used to
A
regenerate ATP from ADP
19
Q
Sucrose + water to
A
glucose + fructose
20
Q
Adding heat could
A
speed up all reactions
21
Q
Catalysts
A
speed up reactions by lowering energy requirement
-not used up in reaction
-don’t supply energy
22
Q
Enzymes are
A
biological catalysts
23
Q
Enzymes are made of
A
protein
24
Q
Each enzymes had particular reactants called
A
substrates
-only acts on its own substrates
25
Low temps
high temps
-molecules move slowly so reactions are slower
/enzymes denature
26
Cells respond to internal environment in part by
adjusting enzyme levels
27
Many enzymes require
non protein helpers for reaction to proceed
28
NAD+ to
NADH + H+
29
Enzyme inhibitors
slow down reactions
30
Enzyme inhibitors can be
drugs, poisons
31
Autotrophs store energy within
chemicals(food)
32
Photosynthetic autotrophs store
light energy within chemicals such as glucose
33
Heterotrophs consume
food, burn it to use stored energy
34
Photosynthetic autotrophs need to use energy they
burn the food (glucose) they made
35
ADP turned into
ATP, stored in the last bond
36
Consumed foods energy is stored in
ATP
37
Need oxygen to burn food by
cellular respiration, makimg ATP
38
Fermentation
alternate process to make ATP
39
Glucose to ATP
releases electron from glucose
40
Electrons without energy transferred to
oxygen
41
When NAD+ carrie’s electrons it’s called
NADH
42
Aerobic pathway
aerobic (with O2, reactions in mitochondria that convert pyruvate to carbon dioxide makes lots of atp
43
in citric acids cycle( aka krebbs cycle), pyruvate is
converted to carbon dioxide
44
in citric acid cycle (krebbs cycle) electrons
stored on NADH
45
Oxidative phosphorylation makes lots of
ATP as NADH reverts to NAD+
46
Glycolysis to aerobic metabolism produces
lots of ATP over long time
47
Glycolysis to anaerobic pathway (fermentation) produces
burst of ATP for short time
48
Photosynthesis
reactions in which light energy stored in glucose synthesized from carbon dioxide to water
49
Autotrophs
organisms that make own food; food build high energy molecules out of low energy molecules
50
Photoautotrophs
store light energy in glucose
51
Eukaryote photosynthesis occurs in
chloroplasts
52
Inside chloroplasts: thylakoids embedded in
stroma
53
thylakoids
flat membrane sacs with green chlorophyll
54
Light dependent reactions acquire
electrons, atp
55
Light independent reactions use
electrons, atp to make glucose
56
Kinetic energy (light) and electrons now stored in
atp, NADPH
57
energy, electrons of light dependent reactions stored in
glucose
58
Cell theory
all living things composed of cells, and all cells come from other cells
59
Roles of cell division
-growth and maturation
-growth from fertilized egg into multicellular adult
-repair, replacement of cells in adult
60
Asexual reproduction
mitosis
61
Mitosis
offspring are clones of parent, cell copies it’s own chromosomes, sorts them into two equal sets, then divided into two daughter cells
62
Sexual reproduction
meiosis
63
Meiosis
cell division that animals use to make gametes, cell copies it’s own chromosomes, mixes them up, divides twice to make four cells
64
Gamete’s
eggs in mom, sperm in dad
65
when egg combines with sperm resulting zygote has
genes from each parent
66
Gene
specific nucleotide sequence in chromosomes dna, encodes a proteins amino acid sequence
67
Daughter cells must have
same genetic information
68
duplicated chromosomes attached at
centromere
-two copies called chromatids
-sister chromatids are identical
69
Cell cycle
ordered sequence of events for cell division
70
Interphase for cell division
cell contents duplicate
71
Mitotic phase for cell division
nucleus divides, then cell
72
Mitosis
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
73
Interphase(mitosis)
-cytoplasm contents double
-chromosomes duplicated
-nucleoli visible
74
Prophase(mitosis)
-chromosomes condense, become visible
-spindle forms
-nucleoli, nuclear envelope disappear
75
Metaphase(mitosis)
spindle attach to centromeres, aligns chromosomes at metaphase plate
76
Anaphase(mitosis)
-sister chromatids separate at centromeres
-separated chromosomes move toward poles
77
Telophase(mitosis)
-nuclear envelope re-forms, establishing daughter nuclei
-chromosomes relax
-nucleoli reappear
-spindle disappears
78
Cytokinesis(mitosis)
divides cytoplasm to separate cells
79
Cell plate in plant cells
forms wall between daughter cells
80
members of chromosomes in pairs are
homologs
81
animal body cell nuclei are
diploid
82
animal gamete nuclei are
haploid
83
Diploid
chromosomes in pairs, human body cells have diploid chromosome number of 46, or 2n=46
84
Haploid
one of each chromosome, human gamete cells have haploid chromosome number of 23, or n=23
85
Meiosis reduces chromosome number from
diploid to haploid
86
Meiosis 1 homologous chromosomes(pairs)
seperate
87
meiosis 2 sister chromatids
seperate
88
Prophase(meiosis 1)
chromosomes condense homologous chromosomes find each other
89
metaphase 1(meiosis 1)
pairs align at cell metaphase plate
90
anaphase 1(meiosis 1)
homologous pairs separate, move toward opposite poles of cell, notice effects of cross over
91
telophase( meiosis)
-duplicated chromosomes reach poles, -nuclear envelope may form, each -nucleus has haploid number of chromosomes
92
Meiosis 1 summary
prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase& cytokinesis
93
Meiosis 2
-sister chromatids separate
-follows meiosis 1 without chromosome duplication
-both haploid products enter meiosis 2
94
prophase 2(meiosis 2)
chromosomes coil, become compact
95
metaphase 2(meiosis 2)
chromosomes align at metaphase plate
96
anaphase 2(meiosis 2)
sister chromatids separate, chromosomes move toward opposite poles
97
telophase 2( meiosis 2)
chromosomes have reached poles of cell nuclear envelope forms
98
with cytokineses in meiosis 2
four haploid cells
99
mitosis, how many identical cells with same chromosome number as original cell
2
100
meiosis how many genetically different cells with half chromosome number of original cell
4
101
nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1 or meiosis 2
102
allele
alternative version for a gene
103
phenotype
physical triat
104
genotype
allele combination for trait
105
monohybrid cross
both parents have same heterozygous genotype for one gene
106
humans have blank pairs of autos ones, one pair of sec chromosomes
22
107
hemophilia and red green color blindness are example of
x linked recessive disorders
108
individual diploid organism can have only
two alleles per gene
109
law of independent assortment
genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis
110
dihybrid cross
two parents heterozygous for two genes
