Exam 3✅ Flashcards
Absorption
The process by which a medication enters the bloodstream
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder in which the person refuses to eat from fear of becoming overweight, even with normal or less than ideal body weight
Anorexia
Loss of appetite
Basal metabolism
Amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities at rest.
Calorie (kilocalorie, kcal, cal(
Unit of heat, commonly used to describe the energy value of food
Carbohydrates
Food group containing simple and complex sugars composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Digestion
Mechanical and chemical processes necessary to convert food to an absorbable state
Fats
Lipid organic substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Fiber
Component of food that adds bulk to the diet and is not broken down by digestion
Gastric residual volumes (GRVs)
Volume aspirated from the stomach as a way to assess tolerance of eternal feeding
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; used by the body in large amounts
Metabolism
a) Chemical reactions in the cells that produce heat as a by-product; (b) Breakdown of a drug (usually in the liver) to an inactive form
Micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals; used by the body in small quantities
Nutrients
Food containing elements for normal body functioning
Obese
Body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2 or more
Overweight
Body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2
Proteins
Organic compounds composed of polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Saturated fats
Chemically, two hydrogen atoms attached to each of the carbon atoms in the carbon atom chain.
Small-bore feeding tubes
Flexible tubes of small diameter designed for comfort during tube feeding./Small-bore tubes are placed into the stomach (e.g., NG, gastrostomy) or small bowel (e.g., ND, NJ, jejunostomy, percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy, needle-catheter jejunostomy) and are used for feeding or administering medication.
Trans fatty acids
Unsaturated fat molecules with an unusual configuration around the double carbon bond(s)
Trace elements
Subgroup of minerals found in small amounts in food.
Underweight
Body mass index (BMI) below the ideal BMI of 20 to 25 kg/m2
Unsaturated fats
Fats with a single hydrogen atom missing from each of two side-by-side carbon atoms
(Double bond)
Vitamins
Organic compounds that do not supply energy but are necessary to the body in small amounts for growth, development, maintenance, and reproduction
Borborygmi
Loud, rumbling sounds produced by the normal movement of gas through the intestines, referred to as “stomach growling”. (Noise you can hear without stethoscope)
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
Organism that causes a severe gastrointestinal infection resulting in frequent loose and often bloody bowel movements; the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in the United States
Colonoscopy
An endoscopic procedure that can visualize the colon up to the ileocecal valve
Colostomy
Opening of a part of the colon onto the abdominal skin surface (hard stool can come out of there)
Constipation
Infrequent, sometimes painful passage of hard, dry stool
Defecation reflex
Involuntary response of intestinal contraction and anal sphincter relaxation to rectal distention./ The muscles in the colon contract to move stool toward the rectum. This is known as a “mass movement.” When enough stool moves to the rectum, the amount of stool causes the tissues in the rectum to stretch or distend.
Diarrhea
Frequent evacuation of watery stools
Distention
Condition of being stretched or inflated
Enema
Insertion of fluid into the rectum and colon
Fecal impaction
The accumulation of harden feces in the rectum.
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
EVALUATES STOOL FOR BLOOD THAT IS NOT APPARENT UPON VISUAL EXAMINATION
Flatus
Gas in the gastrointestinal tract.
Gastric lavage
Irrigation of the stomach.
Hemorrhoids
Enlarged veins in the anal canal /Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding.
Ileostomy
Opening of the ileum onto the abdominal skin furnace via a stoma (watery stool comes from there)
Pannus
A large protuberant abdominal skin fold. / Pannus is a type of extra growth in your joints that can cause pain, swelling, and damage to your bones, cartilage, and other tissue
Paralytic *
Condition in which the bowel is temporarily paralyzed and distention occurs
Peristalsis
Motility and movement of the intestines
Sigmoidoscopy
Diagnostic examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon
Stoma
Artificially created opening on the skin surface (e.g., bowel, trachea)
Suppository
Medication inserted into the rectum or the vagina
Valsalva maneuver
The combination taking a deep breath against a closed glottis (to move the diaphragm down), contracting the abdominal muscles (to increase intra-abdominal pressure), and contracting the pelvic floor muscles (to push the feces downward) to defecate
(*may cause stimulation of the vagus nerve; never leave patient alone, because they may get too relaxed and pass out)
Abrasion
Wound in which skin or mucous membranes ar rubbed or scraped away
Abcess
A localized collection of white blood cells and cellular debris (pus) that appears swollen and inflamed.
Approximated
Lightly pulled together
Binders
Large bandages used to support a body part or hold a dressing in place.
Debridement
Removal of foreign material or dying tissue from a wound to help it heal.
Deep tissue injury (DTI)
Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blooded-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear that is unstable able. Not really sure whats going on and cant measure or stage the injury.
Dehiscence
Accidental separation of wound edges, especially a surgical wound
Dermatitis
An inflammation of the skin
Dermis
Layer of skin beneath the epidermis; composed of dense connective fibers, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands
Desquamation
The process in which the thin, outermost layer of the epidermis (stratum corners) is continuously shed.
Epidermis
Thin, a vascular, outermost skin layer.
Epithelialization
Process in which epidermal cells, which appear pink in color, reproduce and migrate across the surface of the partial-thickness wound
Evisceration
Protrusion of internal organs through an open wound
Fistula
Abnormal tube-like passage between organs or between an organ and the body surface, often as the result of poor wound healing
Friction
Occurs when two surfaces rub together
Granulation tissue
Soft, pink, highly vascularized connective tissue formed during wound repair
Hematoma
Localized accumulation of blood in a body tissue, organ, or space as a result of broken blood vessel.
Incision
A type if acute wound created intentionally as part of surgical treatment.
Induration
Firmness of skin and subcutaneous tissue when palpated from the surface. /Skin induration is a deep thickening of the skin that can result from edema, inflammation, or infiltration, including by cancer
Laceration
Wound caused by tearing of body tissue
Macerated
Softened tissue due to excessive moisture.
MARSI (medical adhesive—related skin injury)
Damage to skin due to reaction to tape or adhesive products or from their improper removal
Ex: nasal cannula
Necrotizing fasciitis
Aka flesh eating bacteria.. A serious bacterial infection that destroys tissue under the skin.can be fatal
Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT)
A wound management system that applies negative pressure to a wound to decrease excess moisture and increase perfusion to the wound bed promoting wound healing; sometimes referred to as vacuum-assisted closure, or VAC
Periwound
Around the edges ; is tissue surrounding a wound
Pressure ulcer/injury
Result of the impeding (hindering)of capillary blood flow to the skin or underlying tissue
Purulent*
Producing or containing pus
Sanguineous*
Pertaining to or containing blood
Serosanguineous*
Containing serum and blood
Serous*
Thin, water-like serum
Shear
Tissue damaging force that occurs when tissue layers move on each other, causing blood vessels in subcutaneous tissue to stretch and become damage.
Subcutaneous tissue
Underlies the skin; consists primarily of fat and connective tissues that support the skin
Tunneling
A narrow channel or pathway that extends from a wound.
Undermining
Wound edges not attached to wound bed.
Anuria
Formation and excretion of less than 100 mL of urine in 24 hours
Bladder ultrasound (BUS)
A noninvasive technology that can estimate the volume of urine in the bladder
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
A urinary tract infection that develops when an indwelling urinary catheter is in place greater than 2 days prior to the onset of infection
Cystectomy
A urinary diversion procedure in which the bladder is surgically removed
Detrusor muscle
Smooth muscle of the urinary bladder
Diuresis
Formation and excretion of large amounts of urine
Cystocele
The protrusion or herniation of the bladder into the vagina canal.
Ileal conduit
An ileal conduit is a type of surgical procedure that puts in place a system to mimic the work of the bladder. It is the most common form of urinary diversion surgery. A surgeon will remove part of the intestine to create a new pathway for the urine.
Ex; urostomy
Intermittent catheterization
In-and-out catheterization performed on a routine, scheduled basis for a particular patient. / Intermittent catheterization means removing urine from the bladder by placing a tube into the bladder. This is done when a child or adult is unable to empty her bladder on her own
Micturition
Urination
Nocturia
Voiding during normal sleeping hours./ Frequent urination at night
Oliguria
Formation and excretion of less than 500 ml of urine in 24 hours.
Overactive bladder
Frequency and urgency to urinate occurring together.
Polyuria
Formation and excretion of large amounts of urine in the absence of a concurrent increase in fluid intake
Pyuria
Presence of pus in urine.
Urgency
The subjective feeling of needing to void immediately.
Urinary incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine from the bladder
Urinary retention
Inability to empty the bladder of urine.
