Exam 1✅ Flashcards
Circle of confidentiality
Those who have access to a patient’s information like the people in a nursing unit who have responsibility for the patient as well as the family, unless the patient objects
Cogtive reframing
A coping skill that helps one to alter or reframe one’s perception of an even and help us overcome catastrophic thinkingabout a event.
Communication channel
Medium through wit=ch a message issent (ex: televeision, wiriting, speaking)
Compassion fatigue
When nursescontinue to care for their patients, in addition to their families and significant others, but beocme unable to care for themselves.
Decode
Process of understanding the message
Encoding
Process of translating the purpose of a communication into a message that can be sent.
Feedback
In communication, the sender and reciever use one another’s reaction to produce further messages.
Metacomunication
Metacommunication is communication about communication. … More fundamentally, metacommunication refers to a “level” of meaning through which every message implicitly defines the relationship between communicators.
(Ex: nonverble responses along with verbal response.. conveys a messege)
Nonverbal communication
Messages sent without words (ex: gestures, facial expressions, postures,silence)
Reflection
Identifying the main emotional themes contained in a communication and directing them back to the patient for the purpose of verifying and checking feelings that are being heard.
Restatement
Content prtion of communication, in which the nurse, after listeing carefully to the patient, repeats the content of the message back to the patient, to verifying understanding.
Self-awareness
Knowing and caring for oneself recognizing one’s self anff limitations
Therapeutic communication
Interactions that help a person express feeling and work out problems.
Verbal communication
Mean to document and convey information to others; the writer’s selcetion and organization of words that is legible and comprehensible.
Verbal communication
Mean to document and convey information to others; the writer’s selcetion and organization of words that is legible and comprehensible.
Bundle
A commbination of patient care elements that can be consitently implemented to reduce harm.
Centerss for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS)
A federal organizzation that pays for healthcare for low-income and elderly people and tracks healthcare outcomes.
Incident report
A report filed that documents an accident or injury occurring in the hospital
Institute for Healthcare Improvement
V
Institute of Medicine
A professional organization that has identified six aims of 21st century healthcare: that all healthcare should be safe, effective, patient centered, timely, efficient, and equitable
Just culture
An approach to error evaluation that examines the nature of the error to assist in determining the appropriate response to the individual who made the error
Near misses
An error caught before reaching the patient. An event or a situation that did not produce patient harm because it did not reach the patient, either due to chance or to capture before reaching the patient;
AKA “close call”
Quality
The excellence or superiority of something; often viewed on a continuum, from poor quality to high quality
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
A project designed to provide a framework for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for future nurses
Root causes
A process used to determine the underlying cause of an event
Root cause analysis
A process used to determine the underlying cause of an event
Safety science
The study of safety knowledge and technology to prevent harm to patients.
Sentinel event
Safety error in which hospitals are required to report serious safety events to regulatory agencies and state health agencies
Afebrile
State of a normal body temperatire in a patient./ ot feverish
Apnea
Abscence of respiration; a potential serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts; may be obstructive
Auscultatory gap
Abscence of audiable sounds during blood pressure measurement that may cause inaccurate readings.
Blood pressure
Force the blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels
Bradycardia
Abnormal slow heart rate (usually less than 60bpm in adults)
Bradypnea
Abnormally slow respiratory rate (usually less than 10 breaths per miniute in adults)
Core temperature
Internal body temperature
Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure in the blood vessels during cardiac ventricular relaxation
Dyspnea
Breathing that requires EXTRA effort
Eupnea
Normal respiratory rythym and depth
Hypertension
Abnormal high blood pressure
Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure
Korotoff Sounds
Sounds heard during ausculation that indicate the systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Paradoxical blood pressure *
Significant decrease in systolic blood pressure with inspiration.
Postural (orthostatic) hypotension
A fall in blood pressure associated with a change in position from supine to sitting or standing
Pulse deficit
Mathematical difference between apical and radial pulse
Pulse pressure
Mathematical difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Stridor
a harsh vibrating noise when breathing in, caused by obstruction of the windpipe or larynx.
Stroke volume
Pressure in the blood vessels during cardiac ventricular contraction.
/the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure in the blood vessels during cardiac ventricular contraction
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart rate, usually above 100 beats per minute in an adult
Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid respiratory rate, usually more than 20 breaths per minute in an adult
Tidal volume
Amount of air moving in and out with each breath.
Wheezing
Breathing with a whistle or rattiling sound in the chest
Activity intolerance
Physical inability to withstand activity. /in which a person has insufficient physiological or psychological energy to endure or complete necessary or desired daily activities.
Aerobic exercise
Exercise that requires oxygen for energy and involves elevation of the heart for an extended period of time.
Anaerobic exercise
Exercise in which muscles cannot extract enough oxygen, and anaerobic pathways are used to provide additional energy for a short time; useful in endurance training(ex: Pushups, Pull-Up, Squats)
Arthoscopy
Direct visualization of a joint by insertion of a scope (ex: did that to do knee surgery)
Ataxia
Impaired muscle coordination can be due to damage to brain, nerves, or muscles.
(Certain factors can lead to this: alcohol misuse, certain medication, stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy, brain degeneration and multiple sclerosis)
Athetosis
condition in which abnormal muscle contractions cause involuntary jerk movements. It affects some people with cerebral palsy or huntington disease, impairing speech and use of the hands.
Atrophy
Wasting away of an organ, muscle, or body tissue
Body mechanics
Positioning or moving the body to prevent or to correct problems related to activity or immobilization
Chorea
Spontaneous, brief, involuntary muscle twitching of the limbs or facial muscles/
Chorea is a movement disorder that causes involuntary, irregular, unpredictable muscle movements. The disorder can make you look like you’re dancing
Contracture
Shortening of a muscle and loss of joint mobility from fibrotic changes in the tissues surrounding the joint
Dangling
Preliminary step to ambulation, especially for patients who may be unable to ambulate initially, which involves sitting on the side of the bed with the legs dependent
Prevents low blood pressure
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
A thrombus (clotting of blood) orginiating in the large veins of the legs because of the relatively low velocity of blood flow there
Dystonia
Similar to athetosis but usually involves larger areas of the body
Flaccidity
Without muscle tone or resistance; decreaased muscle tone
Gait
Character of one’s walk
Hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body.
Isometric exercise
Exercise involving muscle contraction without a change in muscle length (often occurs against resistance)
(Ex: planks)
Isotonic exercise
Dynamic form of exercise in which there is constant muscle tension, muscle contraction, and active movement (ex: bicep curl)
Lift team
Trained, physically fit individuals competent in transfer techniques and well trained on any special equipment who work together to accomplish safe transfers
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of the articular surface of weight-bearing joints
Paraplegia
paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease.
Range of motion (ROM)
Extent to which a person can move joints and muscles
Spasticity
Spasticity is abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction. It is a symptom associated with damage to the brain, spinal cord or motor nerves, and is seen in individuals with neurological conditions, such as: Cerebral palsy (CP)/
Sudden, involuntary increase in muscle tone or contractions due to central nervous system lesions
Tetraplegia
a term used to describe the inability to voluntarily move the upper and lower parts of the body. The areas of impaired mobility usually include the fingers, hands, arms, chest, legs, feet and toes and may or may not include the head, neck, and shoulders. THE WHOLE BODY…EXCEPT THE HEAD
Tremor
A rhythmic, repetitive movement that can occur at rest or when movement is initiated
Assessment
First phase of the nursing process in which data are gathered to identify actual or potential health problems
Confidentiality
Practice of keeping patient information private
Cues
Pieces of data, subjective or objective, about a patient
Inspection
Systematic visual examination of the patient
Objective data
Observable, measurable information that can be validated or verified
observation
Art of noticing patient cues
Palpation
Use of the sense of touch to ascertain the size, shape, and configuration of underlying body structures
Percussion
Examination by tapping the body surface with the fingertips and evaluating the sounds obtained
Physical examination
Use of the techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to obtain information about the structure and function of body parts
Subjective data
Symptoms or covert cues that include the patient’s feelings and statements about his or her health problems
Validation
Reexamining information to check its accuracy
Abscess
A localized collection of white blood cells and cellular debris (pus) that appears swollen and inflamed
Agranulocytes
Mononuclear cells that lack digestive enzymes
/lack granules
Anaerobes
Organisms requiring reduced oxygen for growth often associated with serious infections
Antibodies
Circulate in the bloodstream and interact with antigens they encounter; also called immunoglobulins/
a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood
Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in the blood
Colonization
State in which a microorganism is present but no immune reaction or tissue destruction occurs
Communicable disease
The time frame during which a disease can be passed from one person to another
Complement system
Series of proteins found in the bloodstream that enhances phagocytosis of microbes, helps in lysis of bacterial cell walls, and encourages the inflammatory response
Endotoxins
Potent substances released by bacteria into the blood that can cause shock.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)
Enzymes that give bacteria immunity to both penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics
Granulocytes
Polymorphonuclear white blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
A term that encompasses infections contracted in all healthcare settings and is now used in place of the older term, nosocomial infection, which refers only to hospital-acquired infection
Interferon
Protein produced by the body cells on exposure to viruses that retards viral replication
Leukocytosis
Increase in production of white blood cells
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Quantifies the minimal amount of the drug that is necessary to inhibit microbial growth in the laboratory.
Multridrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
Organisms that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics
Neutropenia
Decrease in the neutrophils in the blood, the white blood cells responsible for quick response to invasion by infectious organisms
Normal flora
Microorganisms commonly found in a body location that ordinarily cause no harm
Opportunistic
Infections that do not result in disease in individuals with properly functioning immune systems
Purulent
Producing or containing pus
Shift to the left
An increase in the number of immature white blood cells indicating infection
Superinfection
secondary infection that occurs when antibiotics, immunosuppression, or cancer treatment destroys normal flora
Systemic inflmmatory reponse syndrome (SIRIS)
Global, generalized inflammatory response of many or all major organ systems triggered by tissue injury or infection
Vaccination
The process of injecting weakened or killed organisms into a person, stimulating antibody production to prevent a specific infection
Antiseptic
Agent that stops or slows the growth of microorganisms on living tissue, commonly used for handwashing, skin preparation, and wound packing or irrigation
Asepsis
Absence of disease producing microorganisms
Bactericidal
Able to kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Able to inhibit the growth of bacteria
Carriers
Person from whom a microorganism can be cultured but who shows no sign of a disease
Disinfectant
Chemical used to kill microorganisms on lifeless objects
Hand hygiene
Handwashing with soap and water or cleansing the hands with a water-less alcohol-based cleanser to prevent the spread of infection
Infectious disease
Process resulting from infection that produces manifestations such as fever, leukocytosis, inflammation, or tissue damage.
Isolation
Techniques used to prevent or to limit the spread of infection
medical asepsis
Measures taken to control and to reduce the number of pathogens present; also known as “clean technique”; measures include handwashing, gloving, gowning, and disinfecting to help contain microbial growth
Opportunistic infections
Infections that do not result in disease in individuals with properly functioning immune systems
Pathogenicity
An organism’s ability to harm and to cause disease
Pathogens
An organism’s ability to harm and to cause disease
Personal proctective equipment (PPE)
Techniques or equipment that prevents the transfer of pathogens from one person to another; also referred to as “barriers”
Prions
Organisms that cause a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease affecting both animals and humans that is untreatable and always fatal
Sepsis
Poisoning of body tissues; usually refers to bloodborne organisms or their toxic products
Specificity
Organism’s attraction to a specific host, which may include humans
Standard precautions
The use of hand hygiene and personal protective equipment, as needed, to protect against blood and body-fluid transmission of potentially infective agents, regardless of the patient’s diagnosis
Sterilization
a) Destruction of all bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses on an item, accomplished by heat, chemicals, or gas; (b) Rendered unable to reproduce biologically
Surgical asepesis
Refers to “sterile technique” in which an object is free of all microorganisms to prevent the introduction or spread of pathogens from the environment into the patient; employed when a body cavity is entered with an object that may damage the mucous membranes, when surgical procedures are performed, and when the patient’s immune system is already compromised
What helps with coordinated movement?
The cerebellum, cerebal cortex, and the basal ganglia are responsible for motor functions
