Exam 3 Flashcards
Psychotic disorders distinction
out of touch with reality
Schizophrenia prevalence
early adulthood
prevalence is similar across the globe (probably biological)
1% US population, 0.7% across the globe
early 20’s for men, late 20’s for women
Schizophrenia Delusions (thought patterns)
Positive symptom
delusions = false beliefs (irrational, nor strongly held or socially acceptable, deeply embedded and strongly held) obscured thought content, maladaptive, not always distressing to patient
thought broadcasting = believes their thoughts can be read by others against their will
thought insertion = believes own thoughts had been implanted be something else
thought withdrawal = believe their thoughts have been taken from them
Negative Schiz symptoms
reduction of regular functioning
lack of emotional expression–flat affect
lack of eye contact, gesturing, intonation, volition (decrease in motivated and self-initiated activities, engagement)
diminished speech output
anhedonia–no pleasure with activities
asociality–no interest in socializing
Types of Schiz delusions
persecutory = belief they will be harmed, harassed, targeted referential = random cues gestured specifically directed at person, feel they are being singled out, special meaning grandiose = believes they are somebody famous, or have wealth, talents, fame erotomanic = believes other person is in love with them Nihilistic = catastrophe will occur Somatic = preoccupation with health, odd and unlikely, bizarre
Schiz hallucinations
positive symptom
false sensory perceptions, VERY clear for patients
auditory = hearing voices or something else, voices seem distinct from patient’s thoughts, most common hallucination in schiz
Schizophrenia phases
late adolescence, realy adulthood (brain needs to be fully developed)
Prodromal phase–signs symptoms start to appear, gradual deterioration, no hallucinations or delusions, patient cant take care of self
Acute phase–delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, obvious symptoms, psychotic
residual phase–odd thoughts and behaviors, but not acute psychosis
Psychodynamic theory of Schiz
ego overwhelmed by sexual impulsive drives form id
id threatens the ego–regression to oral stage
treatment frm this theory is ineffective
behavioral theory of schiz
patient learns how to and models bizarre behaviors
family theories for schiz
schizophrengenic mother–cold, aloof, overprotective parenting lowers kids SE, impairs independence
increased risk if father is not active/present to counteract mother’s
this theory has been debunked, but stress within family is probably a factor
biological theory of schiz
concordance rates–MZ have higher risk of developing than DZ
closer genetic relationship–higher likelihood
biochemistr–DA hypothesis–either overabundance of DA or oversensitivity to DA–medications reduce DA to reduce positive symptoms
viral infections in mother during pregnancy may increase risk (evidence shows that mothers pregnant during flu season during first trimester may have higher risk–not sound evidence thought
structural–size of ventricles–too large so brain tissue is less, PFC smaller,
brain circuitry–PFC to limbic system connection is impaired
diathesis stress model of schizophrenia
genetic risk of developing X stress factors
protective factors may reduce likelihood of disorder or severity of symptoms (IQ, personality)
Treatment for schiz
antipsychotic meds (block DA receptors)--side effect tardive dyskinesia--involuntary chewing, lip smacking, puckering lip, trunk limb movements, hand tremors, eye blinking (long term use) newer meds have reduced risk or severity
learning-based–operant conditioning to selectively reinforce good behaviors, token economy = give small rewards to trade in for larger reward, social skills training–inhibit problematic behaviors and teach social skills
psychosocial rehab–support systems for patient to be functional, individualized for severity and medication, targets social and occupational skills (work, communication, cognitive), reducing psychotic break, can be consistently provided
family intervention-help family members understand diagnosis, needs of patient, how to support patient, reducing stress, increase communication
Brief psychotic disorder
psychotic symptoms for a month or less
follows major stressor
Schizophrenophorm disorder
psychotic symptoms for 1-6 months
Delusional disorder
recurrent delusional beliefs, usually persucatory
Schizoaffective disorder
features of schiz and severe mood disorder
Erotomania
delusion that you are loved by someone (usually) but you are not
Personality Disorders Definition
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that:
different from expectations of culture, person is inflexible, low insight into their issues, disorders affect every aspect of person’s life, disorder usually isn’t diagnosed until early adulthood sine usually don’t develop fully, disorder is stable over time, person doesn’t want to change disorder because they don’t see the problems
3 clusters of personality disorders
A. odd or eccentric (schizoid)
B. dramatic, emotional erratic (antisocial, borderline, narcissistic)
C. anxious, fearful (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A
pervasive distrust, suspicious of others, thinks others mean harm
characteristics: suspect that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them, feeling they are injured by others, secretive/cold/lack emotional feelings, doubtful of others, no one can be trusted, disbelieving of others who are trustworthy, don’t expect others to help, do not confide n others and do not have close friends, look for hidden meanings and make misinterpreted assumptions, hold major grudges, hostile toward insults, counterattack and react with anger, super jealous, major lack of trust and need to control others, may have psychotic episodes
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A
EMOTIONALLY COLD AND DETACHED
detachment form social relationships, lack desire of intimacy, don’t want to develop close relationships, prefer to spend time alone, almost always choose to be on their own, may affect their job, do not have intimate relationships, little pleasure from activities, indifferent to what others think of them, seem oblivious to social cues, don’t reciprocate emotionally, rarely experience strong emotions, can’t express anger, appear cold/aloof, do not have cognitive or perceptual distortions, are not suspicious of others
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster A
ODD ECCENTRIC UNUSUAL(THOUGHT PATTERNS AND ACTIONS)
pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits
discomfort with relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions
ideas of reference–incorrect interpretations of events–assuming they have specific meaning when they don’t, but not as severe as delusions
odd beliefs or magical thinking, superstitious of paranormal phenomenon, feel they have special powers to sense things before they happen
alterations in perceptions, thinking someone is calling their name (but not out of touch with reality)
odd thinking and speech–vague, overly abstract or concrete
ideation–suspicious or paranoid
difficulty of affect
odd, eccentric mannerisms–unkempt dress, not put together
usually do not have close relationships, less desire for intimacy, highly anxious in social situations with unfamiliar people, usually do not socialize because they realize they are different, socialize when thy have to, but would rather keep to themselves
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Cluster B
Anti = against society
lack of regard for others and their rights, begins in childhood or early adolescence, persists into adulthood, diagnosis usually isn’t made until late adolescence
“sociopathy, psychopathy, sociopath”
failure to follow norms, repeated illegal behavior (destruction of property), disregard for wishes rights or feelings of others
deceitful, manipulative of others to gain, repeatedly lie
pattern of impulsivity, do not plan ahead, do not think about consequences
sudden changes in jobs, residence, relationships
highly irritable and aggressive–physical fights, assault, child abuse
disregard for own safety and for others–road rage DWI, substance use, neglect to care for others they are responsible for
consistently and extremely irresponsible with everything and are indifferent to how their behavior affects others
lack of empathy–callous, cynical, lack or remorse
tend to come in contact with criminal justice system, but even people in power can have this disorder because they appear charming
Borderline Personality Disorder
Cluster B
instability of relationships, self-image, affect
presents in early adulthood
frantic efforts to avoid real or impaired abandonment–if perceive they will be left/rejected, have profound changes in self-image, thought processes, affect
severe abandonment fears even for realistic separations
intolerance of being alone and need to be surrounded by others
do not have strong sense of self-identity
identity based on interactions and relationships with others
unstable and intense relationships
demand to spend a lot of time with another, share super personal info with another person early on
idealize others then switch to devalue them when change of relationship
sudden and dramatic shifts in how they view others
identity disturbance–persistent and unstable self-image and sense of self, shifting goals, values, work life, sudden changes in opinions and plans, changes in friends,
impulsive–high likelihood to be self-damaging (gambling, drive recklessly, risky sex, suicidal behavior or threats with purpose of manipulating others to keep them engaged in relationship
completed suicide 8-10%
unstable affect, irritability, anxiety, low mood, shifting last a few days, anger, panic
chronic feelings of emptiness because no sense of self–easily bored, finding new things to do, uncontrollable anger sometimes usually when other appears uncaring,
paranoia or dissociation along with fear of abandonment
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Cluster B
emotionality and attention seeking behavior–need to be center of attention
sexually provocative, bur don’t actually become emotionally intimate
rapid shifts in emotion, but emotion is shallow, nothing is deep
appearance is attention grabbing, provocative, noticeable, need to impress others with appearance, spend money on clothes,
fish for compliments, do not take criticism well for appearance
impressionistic speech, express dramatic strong opinions, vague reasons though, lack info facts, details to support
drama, theatric, embarrass others with public display
easily influenced by other opinions, overly trusting because need attention
perceive relationships as more intimate than they are
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster B
super grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy for others, self esteem is vulnerable, vulnerable to “injury” (not experiencing self or being seen as others as grandiose)
self esteem–very sensitive to criticism, feel defeated, react with rage, counterattack other, seek reassurance
high sense of self-importance, inflate accomplishments, boastful, pretentions
preoccupies with success power brilliance love, privilege, right for admiration, compare self with famous others, believe they are superior special and unique and expect others to see them the same way
SE is mirrored by idealized value of people they associate with–need the best of the best, believe needs are special, and need more than others
how they feel about self is fragile, so need admiration from others, have high expectations of others
sense of entitlement–more important than everyone else
exploitation of others, expect to be given what they want/need
LACK OF EMPATHY–DIFFICULTY RECOGNIZING OTHERS HAVE NEEDS OF THEIR OWN
lack of interest in others, envious of others, expect others to be envious of them
haughty, arrogant
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Cluster C
social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitive to emotions
avoid interpersonal contact because fear of criticism, disapproval, rejection
avoid making friends unless being absolutely sure they will be accepted
need to be guaranteed they wont get any criticism
appear to be restrained, withholding
preoccupied with rejection–low thresholds for detecting these, always alert
shy, quiet
long for active social life, but too fearful
not good socially, because low SE, believe they are inept, reluctant to take risks or engage in new activities, fear embarrassment
Dependent Personality Disorder
Cluster C
excessive need to be taken care of, clingy, submissive
pessimism, self-doubt, minimize assets and abilities, criticism is proof of worthlessness
need advice and reassurance
depend on single person to make decisions for them–usually parent or spouse–live, job, friends
difficulty expressing disagreement toward other they are dependent on–dot want to upset them
can’t act independently, initiate projects, need for nurturance or support, will submit to unreasonable demands
uncomfortable and helpless when alone–will urgently seek another relationship if they lose one
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Cluster C
personality–affects every aspect of life
preoccupied with order, perfectionism, mental control
painstaking attention to rules, schedules, lists, instructions–activity is lost in details
take up time with these behaviors
perfectionism causes distress
so involved with every detail that can’t complete the work
can’t prioritize, delegate
excessive devotion to work, don’t engage in leisure or relationships
workaholic
excessive conscientiousness
rules, morality, ethics, rigid morals
highly self-critical when make a mistake
hoarding behaviors–stingy, miserly, believe spending money is wrong
rigidity, stubbornness
Freud perspective of Personality Disorders
Freud–oedipal complex (test of ego), lacking ego and superego
Learning Perspective on personality disorders
maladaptive behaviors, behavior modification
early childhood experiences shape this
environmental factors lead to maladaptive habits–to disorders
look into individual’s history to find environmental factors that developed into behaviors
