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Psychopathology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

disruption, disconnection of a person’s consciousness/identity
often triggered by trauma
symptoms can be intense, disruptive, dissociative

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2
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder description

A

2 or more distinct personality states
disruption of self and interaction with outside world
recurrent gaps in recall of events, personal info, traumatic events
memories do not transfer between identities
usually a sudden dramatic switch between alters
host and alters aren’t always aware of each other
not always distressing, but usually impairing
different areas of brain and physiology involved in different alters

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3
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder Prevalence

A

very rare, controversial
culture-bound to North America
alter personalities may be reinforced by culture
greater in females than males
increased suicide rates
possibly caused by childhood trauma (sex abuse)–cope by taking the mind somewhere else

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4
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall important autobiographical info (usually of a stressful/traumatic event)

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5
Q

Dissociative Amnesia–localized

A

amnesia of a specific time period

“amnestic episode”

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6
Q

Dissociative Amnesia–selective

A

remember some but not all of th event

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7
Q

Dissociative Amnesia–generalized

A

forget everything

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8
Q

Dissociative Amnesia–continuous

A

memory problems begin at a specific time and do not stop

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9
Q

Dissociative Amnesia–Systematized

A

amnesia of a specific category–family, an activity

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10
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Suddenly move away and forget everything form prior life
person assumes a new identity
duration is variable, ends abruptly, usually only happens once
“amnesia on the run”

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11
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

recurrent or persistent episodes of one or both
depersonalization–unusual sense of reality, temporarily feels detached from self and surroundings
Derealization–person perceives realty differently (sense of time is off)

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12
Q

Psychodynamic theory of dissociative disorders

A

extreme use of repression
push memories and events to unconscious
block memories and emotions from conscious

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13
Q

Social/cognitive theory of dissociative disorders

A

amnesia is a learned response to distracting self from stress, memories, experiences
DID–switching between alters is learned by observation

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14
Q

Biological theory of dissociative disorders

A

problems are caused by brain dysfunction–structure, metabolic activity, sleep

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15
Q

diathesis-stress theory of dissociative disorder

A

predisposition to personality traits x extreme stress

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16
Q

treatment for dissociative disorders

A

DID–integration of personalities, uncover early trauma

dissociative amnesia and fugue = no treatment, typically end abruptly

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17
Q

Somatic Symptom disorder

A

experience one or more somatic symptom
severe distress and disruption of daily life
excessive thoughts/behaviors related to somatic symptoms
persistent high anxiety, excessive energy/time spent on concern
persistently seek medical advice and not believing diagnoses
fear that serious illness has gone undetected
“hypochondriasis”

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18
Q

Illness-anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with health, but DONT have any symptoms
high anxiety about health, easily alarmed
excessive health-related behaviors–research, medical attention OR avoidance behaviors–avoid doctors because so anxious about it

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19
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Functional Neurological Disorder
altered sensory or voluntary motor function (one or more)
no identifiable medical cause, not medically plausible (incompatible)
causes distress and/or impairment
usually sudden, related to extreme stress
transfer of extreme emotional stress to physical problem because emotions are too difficult to process

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20
Q

Factitious Disorder (Self)

A

Munchausen Syndrome
person intentionally produces or pretends to have symptoms
injury, make self sick, headache (can be physiological or psychological)
use deception even without external rewards (more than just getting attention)
the want or feeling of need to be sick
common among people who were often sick as kids or who have a lot of medical knowledge

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21
Q

Factitious Disorder (other)

A

Munchausen by Proxy
causes harm or pretends someone else is sick
physical or psychological symptoms
use of deception
usually parent to child or to family member

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22
Q

Malingering

A

fake symptoms, motivated by external rewards or incentives or avoid obligations (NOT DSM disgnosis)
primary gain = avoid guilt with not having to perform a task
secondary gain = avoid something bad

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23
Q

Psychodynamic view of somatic disorders

A

primary gains = keep internal conflicts repressed

secondary gains = avoid responsibilities and get support

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24
Q

learning theory of somatic disorders

A

symptoms are reinforcing behaviors
experience symptoms to avoid unpleasant things
benefit to being in the sick role–get care
potential link to OCD

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25
Q

Cognitive theory of somatic disorders

A

SSD is self-handicapping–blame inadequacies on health

misinterpretation of bodily sensations and distorted thinking

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26
Q

brain theory of somatic disorders

A

potentially issues with neural connections in conversion disorder

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27
Q

Psychodynamic treatment for somatic disorders

A

bring unresolved conflicts into conscious awareness and work through them

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28
Q

behavioral treatment for somatic disorders

A

remove secondary gains (help from others and the ability to avoid unpleasant experiences)

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29
Q

cognitive-behavioral treatment of somatic disorders

A

cognitive restructuring–change how person thinks of symptoms
exposure with response prevention

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30
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A 
(5 or more in 2 weeks)
depressed mood (children may express as irritable)
anhedonia (no enjoyment)
sigificant weight loss or gain
insomnia/hypersomnia
physical agitation or slowness
poor concentration
thoughts of death or suicide
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31
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

depressive disorder that correlates with winter months
must have had 2 episodes of seasonal MDD to be diagnosed
full remission o spring
more prevalent in northeast US
probably linked to light

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32
Q

MDD with Peripartum Onset

A

Peripartum (during pregnancy)
postpartum (after birth)
affects 3-6% of women
may have psychotic featured–our of touch with reality
can affect how mother cares for self and baby
can affect appetite, sleep, self-esteem, concentration

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33
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A

depressed mood for most of the day, more days of the week
must last 2 years to be diagnosed
2 or more symptoms
disturbed appetite, disturbed sleep, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness

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34
Q

Bipolar I

A

At least one MD episode and a Manic Episode

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35
Q

Manic Episode characteristics

A

abnormal and persistent
elevated, expansive, or irritable mood AND increased goal-directed activity
must last one week
(at least 3 symptoms) high self esteem, perspective, grandiose, pressured speech (quick), less need for sleep, racing thoughts, highly distractible, excessively involved in dangerous activities

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36
Q

Bipolar II

A

MD episode and a hypomanic episode (less severe, 4 days)

cannot be diagnosed if patient has had a full manic episode

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37
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

chronic pattern of mood swings–like Bipolar but less severe)
hypomanic and depressive symptoms, but cannot have had a major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode

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38
Q

Psychodynamic Theory of mood disorders

A

depression is due to anger directed inward, loss of attachment figure early in life, or self-focused rumination
bipolar is due to shifting of dominance between ego (mania) and superego (depression)

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39
Q

psychodynamic treatment of mood disorders

A

explore/identify unconscious issues and ambivalent feelings toward lost objects (early caregivers), identify and acknowledge anger

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40
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

A 
brief treatment course (7-12 months)
explore relationships (mostly current) and how they affect patient, build conflict resolution skills
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41
Q

humanistic theory of mood disorders

A

lack of meaning in life, no self-fulfillment, low self esteem

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42
Q

behavior theory of mood disorders

A

emphasis on environmental and situational influences and how things are reinforced

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43
Q

Lewinsohon (behaviorist theory of mood disorders)

A

social withdrawal reduces reinforcement opportunities–>lack of reinforcement leads to social withdrawal
loss of comfort with social skills

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44
Q

Coyne interactional theory (behavior) mood disorders

A

“reciprocal interaction” between behavior and reinforcement
depressed person but others feel pressured because they’re giving too much so they withdraw and then the depressed person gets worse

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45
Q

behavior treatment for mood disorders

A

help patient develop social and interpersonal skills
increase rewarding activities (difficult for depressed people though)
“behavioral activation”–encourage patient to bee more active

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46
Q

Beck cognitive theory of mood disorders

A

Cognitive triad of depression: negative views of self, environment, and future
automatic self-statements for each–goal is to identify them, challenge them, and replace them

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47
Q

Burns cognitive theory of mood disorders

A

Cognitive distortions–inaccurate thoughts

overgeneralizing, should thoughts (should excel at something), magnify bad and minimize good

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48
Q

Learned helplessness–Seligman

A

situational factors enhance attitudes that lead to depression
loss of sense of control so feel helpless

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49
Q

cognitive treatment for mood disorders

A

identify, challenge, and modify distorted thoughts, get better at dealing with thoughts instead of feelings

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50
Q

genetic theory of mood disorders

A

closer the genetic relationship to someone with depression, greater chance of becoming depressed (identical twins often both have MDD)
gene-enviro interactions

51
Q

Biochemical factors for mood disorders

A

neurotransmitters (5HT and NE)–meds that work on these can reduce depression
reduced metabolic activity in PFC–executive functioning and adaptation
structural brain abnomalities

52
Q

Bio treatment for depressive disorders

A

Tricyclics–3 molecule structure increase NE and 5HT and interfere with reuptake (tons of side effects)
MAO inhibitors so prevent breakdown of NT’s (lots of side effects and interactions with food/alcohol
SSRI’s–inhibits reuptake of 5HT
SNRI–inhibit reuptake of 5HT and NE

53
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

send electro activity through brain to induce controlled seizure
works because reduced brain activity after seizure

54
Q

Bipolar medications “mood stabalizing”

A

Lithium–Lico most common, doesn’t work for everyone

Tegretol and Depakote–originally anticonvulsive meds

55
Q

Suicide

A

10th leading cause of death in US
2nd leading in college student
women attempt more often, men complete more often

56
Q

how professionals assess suicide

A

ideation–thoughts of suicide, not an alarm

57
Q

Substance intoxication

A

reversible syndrome due to recent ingestion of a substance–doesn’t last, stops after person stops taking substance
problematic behaviors or psychological changes
different symptoms based on the drug ingested: belligerence, mood change, focus, perception changes, wakefulness/sleepiness, attention
acute short-term intoxication can have different symptoms than long-term

58
Q

Substance Withdrawal

A

due to pattern of repeated intoxication from drug
comes from dependence on substance and then sudden reduction of use
Ex: delirium tremens–hand tremors, sweating, pulse, seizures, hallucinations, and nausea are all withdrawal from alcohol
withdrawal is usually related to substance use disorder
urge to take substance again to treat withdrawal symptoms

59
Q

Substance Use Disorders overview

A

pathological pattern of behaviors related to substance use
characterized by impaired control (inability to reduce use, life revolves around it)
social impairment (fail responsibilities, relationship issues, stop involvement)
risky use
pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal)
physiological dependence (withdrawal), psychological dependence (compulsive use, reduce anxiety)
addiction (not DSM term, but describes habitual use)

60
Q

Pathway to drug dependence

A

experimentation –> routine use (structure and denial) –> dependence

61
Q

Alcohol

A

depressant
most widely used substance
alcoholism is seen as a disease (Disease Model)
risk factors: males more than females (males have an enzyme that breaks it down and females lack it, so they absorb more alcohol), family history, age (20-40), sociodemographic factors (SES, education, living alone), Antisocial personality disorder, ethnicity and culture

62
Q

Physiological effects of alcohol

A

heighten activity of GABA (inhibitory) –> relaxation

63
Q

Psychological effects of alcohol

A

impaired judgment, increased risk-taking, varies between people because interaction of physiological effects and interpretation

64
Q

Physical effects of alcohol

A

alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis (liver), increased risk of cancer ot heart disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome (vitamin D deficiency, confusion, disorientation, Long term memory loss)

65
Q

Barbiturates

A 
depressant
sedatives, sleep medications (hypnotics), antianxiety (anxiolytics)
very addictive 
4x more powerful when used with alcohol
mild euphoria, relaxation
66
Q

Opioids

A

narcotics (pain relief)
highly addictive
morphine heroine codeine (natural), Demerol, Darvon (synthetic)
act on natural receptor sites in body (endorphin is a natural NT that acts on these sites)

67
Q

Morphine

A

narcotic (pain relief) induces feelings of well-being
introduced to US during civil war to treat soldiers
restricted because super addictive

68
Q

Heroin

A

narcotic
derived from morphine–developed after civil war to replace morphine
still very addictive
euphoric, powerful depressant (can shut down respiratory system)
most widely used opiate

69
Q

Amphetamines

A

synthetic stimulant, euphoric feeling, psychosis

70
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

stimulant
designer drug
euphoria, hallucinations, anxiety, depression, paranoia, psychosis

71
Q

Cocaine

A

stimulant
involves reward center by increasing dopamine
can cause anxiety or depression
increased BP and HR

72
Q

Nicotine

A

stimulant

increases EPI release so ANS activity increases, HR increases, reduced appetite

73
Q

Caffeine

A

stimulant

74
Q

Hallucinogens (psycedelics)

A

LSD (expand consciousness, unpredictable trip)
PCP/angel dust (synthetic, developed in 1950’s, delirium, dissociation)
Marijuana (can cause perceptual distortions

75
Q

Learning theory of substance use

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning (withdrawal is negative reinforcement), observational learning (environment)

76
Q

Cognitive Theory of substance use

A

what you expect the substance to do

some drugs increase self esteem

77
Q

Psychodynamic theory of substance use

A

oral fixation, dependent personality (seeking gratification)

treated by identifying oral problems

78
Q

sociocultural theory of substance use

A

environment, norms, culture, peer pressure

79
Q

physiological treatment for substance use

A

detox (supervised)
antidepressants (reduce cravings)
antabuse (old drug that isn’t helpful–causes illness when taken with alcohol, so like negative reinforcement)
nicotine replacements
methadone (for heroine, acts like heroine, but doesn’t produce high, but still addictive)
suboxone (used for opioid, blocks effects, but still habit forming)
naltrexone (used for opioids and alcohol, blocked opioid receptors and euphoric feelings)
naloxone (narcan, gets opioids off receptors, antidote)

80
Q

Psychological treatments for substance use

A

AA (12 step program, belief of higher power) inpatient (usually for detox, 28 day goal), relapse prevention (learning how to avoid high risk situations and environmental cues, behavior modification, education)

81
Q

Gambling Disorder

A

behavior that disrupts obligations, may not cause individual distress but can affect others, tolerance (increase in betting money), restlessness, negative emotions, lies, relationship and job problems

82
Q

treatment for gambling disorder

A

harm reduction (learn to limit exposure and make it less problematic), CBT, medication, inpatient, outpatient, group therapy

83
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

restricting food intake to significantly lower body weight (much lower than normal)
intense fear and anxiety about gaining weight or becoming fat
disturbed body image (don’t see self accurately)
onset usually adolescence
low body weight is seen as an achievement
“extreme control”

84
Q

Anorexia Nervosa Restricting Type

A

dieting, fasting, excessive exercise to lose weight

85
Q

Anorexia Nervosa Binge/Purge type

A

binge eating followed by purging, use of laxatives or diuretics
different from bulimia because severely underweight

86
Q

Medical Complications from Anorexia

A

emaciation, amenorrhea (period stops), anemia, low BP, hypothermia, bradycardia (slowed HR), dry cracked yellow skin, lanugo (hair gets straw-like), enlarged salivary glands, suicide risk

87
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

binge eating to where its uncomfortable in 2 hour period
vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, fasting and exercise to compensate for weight gain
patients are typically normal weight or under weight
Binge/purge behaviors happen at least once a week for 3 months
self-evaluation focused on body weight
not a distorted body image like anorexia
“lack of control”

88
Q

Medical risks of bulimia

A

problems with fluid and electrolyte, tearing of esophagus, gastric rupture, heart irregularities, GI problems, mouth/skin irritation, scars on hands, dental problems, suicide risk

89
Q

Causal factors of eating disorders

A

social pressure an expectations, refocusing emotional problems on body and not in a constructive manner, phobia of weight gain, negative reinforcement, distorted thinking, family problems, 5HT problems (regulates appetite) antidepressant meds can reduce binge eating

90
Q

Treatment for eating disorders

A

hospitalization (first step if patient has severe medical problems)
behavioral modification (get at actions)
CBT (good for bulimia, identify distorted thoughts
IPT (current relationships, conflict, communication)

91
Q

Insomnia Disorder

A

can’t fall o stay asleep

92
Q

Hypersomnolence Disorder

A

very tired al day, despite sufficient sleep at night

93
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sudden irresistible REM sleep during day
cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone in response to emotion)
sleep paralysis–when waking up and getting out of rem
hypnogogic hallucinations–can’t tell if it is a dream or real, feels conscious

94
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea

A

snorting, gasping, shallow breathing during sleep
more common in overweight people
links to depressive symptoms

95
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

5 or more breathing episodes per hour

96
Q

Sleep-related Hypoventilation

A

lowered respiration, co-occurs with other disorders

97
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-wake disorder

A

severe recurrent jet lag, mismatch of body’s rhythm and environament

98
Q

Sleepwalking disorder

A

occurs during deep sleep, patient usually doesn’t remember

99
Q

Sleep terrors

A

almost always kids
wake up screaming and terrified, occur in lighter stages of sleep
usually occurs when kid is experiencing life stress

100
Q

Nightmare disorder

A 
repeated dysphoric (very emotional) dreams
usually can remember
101
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

incongruence between one’s expressed/experienced gender and assigned gender
must cause distress and impairment for at least 6 months
(2+) strong desire to not have their sex characteristics, have the other gender’s characteristics, be the other gender, be treated as the other gender, feeling they have typical feelings as the other gender
discontent with your assigned gender–cognitive and affective issues
“gender affirming” surgery may occur
all caused by societal views?

102
Q

Psychodynamic Theory of gender dysphoris

A

results as being extremely close with parent of opposite sex and/or absence of parent of same sex so you identify with opposite sex parent

103
Q

learning theory of gender dysphoria

A

children without parent of same sex don’t have a role model

104
Q

Biological theory of gender dysphoria

A

patient may have different sex hormones

105
Q

Sexual Dysfunction Disorder

A

distress and impairment caused by recurrent problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response
inability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure

106
Q

lifelong sexual dysfuction

A

occurs from first sexual encounter and on

107
Q

Generalized sexual dysfunction

A

Basically occurs all the time

108
Q

acquired sexual dysfunction

A

randomly start having problems even after normal experience

109
Q

situational sexual dysfunction

A

can have problems with specific person, specific gender, specific location, specific activity

110
Q

Potential influences of sexual dysfunction

A

physical problems of the partner
relationship issues (communication, desire, frequency)
individual vulnerability (body image, history of abuse)
cultural or religious factors (prohibition of behaviors, shame)
medical (side effects form medications)
biological * sociocultural * psychological

111
Q

Interest desire arousal disorders

A

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Female sexual interest-arousal disorder
erectile disorder

112
Q

Orgasmic disorders

A

female orgasmic disorder
delayed ejaculation
premature ejaculation

113
Q

Pain/penetration disorders

A

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder–tightening of vagina

114
Q

Causal factors of sexual disorders

A

psychological–trauma, anxiety from previous encounter, guilt, performance anxiety, relationship problems, irrational beliefs
biological–testosterone levels (both genders), cardiovascular disease, depressant drugs, other medical issues
sociocultural- taboo, expectations (implicit/explicit)

115
Q

Paraphilic Disorder

A

“intense sexual interest other than genital stimulation with a normal, mature, consenting human
basically anything that’s not normal
risk of personal harm (distress), harm to others

116
Q

Exhibitionism

A

strong urges fantasies or behaviors of exposing genitals to unsuspecting other
other person’s reaction is arousing
urge/fantasy must have distress/impairment
behavior is non-consent so is a disorder

117
Q

transvestic fetishism

A

arousal from cross-dressing, urges and behaviors, need impairment/distress, at least 6 months, mostly men dressing as women

118
Q

Fetishistic Disorder

A

arousal from non-living objects or non-genital body parts (feet)
if clothing, have to rule out cross-dressing–goes beyond that
not just sex toys since those are made for sexual pleasure
impairment and distress!!

119
Q

Voyeuristic Disorder

A

arousal from watching an unsuspecting person naked, undressing, or engaging in activity
don’t get consent from other
behavior is a crime and disorder
urges need to be paired with distress

120
Q

Frotteuristic Disorder

A

arousal from touching or rubbing against an unsuspecting person
no consent
urges must have distress
behavior is crime and disorder

121
Q

Sexual Masochism Disorder

A

arousal from being humiliated, beaten, bound
if both partners consent, it is not a disorder
need to have distress

122
Q

Sexual Sadism Disorder

A

arousal from physical or psychological suffering of another person
disorder is other person has not consented
urges need distress

123
Q

Pedophilic Disorder

A

arousal with kids
urges without behavior is still concerning
individua must be at least 16 years old, and child must be at least 5 years younger

Psychopathology (3 decks)

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