EXAM 3

Question 1

identity theory

Answer 1

gain sense of belonging based on roles we see ourselves playing in group
more we commit to identity, more salient more want to invest
more group ID, less likely to bring up short term faults, care more about long term

Question 2

social facilitation

Answer 2

when being watched we perform better on simple task and worse on complex
creates anxiety
explanations: more alert, evaluation apprehension, distraction

Question 3

social loafing

Answer 3

presence of others relaxes us if we cannot be evaluated individually
improved performance on complex tasks

Question 4

positive outcomes of latching to groups

Answer 4

belonging
collective esteem - loss of identity without aligning, we want a role
SE increase

Question 5

4 tenets of social identity theory

Answer 5

1. social categorization - quick and effortless
2. category attenuation effect - exaggerate similarity to in group –> discrim
3. social identification - adopt ingroup identity, favoritism –> discrim
4. social comparison and positive distinctiveness - see our groups positive others neg

when group diffs made salient, disagreement

Question 6

collective action

Answer 6

make a change in society
intergroup unrest
driven by relative deprivation

Question 7

relative deprivation

Answer 7

collective action
feel like you or group disadvantage compared to others
egoistic - you feel deprived (blame on external)
fraternalistic - feel group deprived (assume deprivation based on diffs and injustice)
fraternalistic leads to greater action –> sharing ideals and group identity

Question 8

ethnocentrism

Answer 8

apply one’s culture/identity as reference for others

Question 9

realistic conflict theory

Answer 9

ethnocentrism produced when groups compete

contact between groups can help - realize diffs smaller and cooperation

Question 10

minimal groups paradigm

Answer 10

minimal condition for intergroup biases is simply being a member of a group
even if group based on nothing
fast
we want success for own group even if arbitrary

Question 11

robbers cave study

Answer 11

when strangers interact to achieve common goals, produce hierarchy
in groups compete
group diffs forgotten in cooperation

Question 12

legitimizing myth

Answer 12

legitimizes negative attitude to group

justifies prejudice

Question 13

zero sum thinking

Answer 13

if minority group members inc. in power, major feel like they lose power

Question 14

authoritarianism

Answer 14

rule based ideology
correlated with racism
symbolic threat

Question 15

realistic threat

Answer 15

belief that groups pose competitive threat
visible
social dominance orientation

Question 16

symbolic threat

Answer 16

belief that group threatens values

authoritarianism

Question 17

intergroup anxiety

Answer 17

threat
negative emotions or attitudes with outgroup interaction
negative contact that heightens neg attitude to group

Question 18

social dominance orientation

Answer 18

extent that we value hierarchy
associated with authoritarianism
realistic threat - hierarchy in jeopardy

Question 19

bias

Answer 19

all forms of preferential thinking/behaving to anyone based on group
prejudice (A), discrimination (B), stereotype (C)

Question 20

stereotype

Answer 20

belief generalized to all group members
created to feel good
protects majority SE
automatic more likely to be acted on
legitimize prejudice
cognitive toolbox model

Question 21

cognitive toolbox model

Answer 21

stereotyping is functional process to improve cognitive efficiency
categorization is important for intelligence

Question 22

prejudice

Answer 22

emotion directed at all members of group

majority and minority have better emotions towards majjority

Question 23

discrimination

Answer 23

differential treatment of someone based on group

Question 24

justification suppression model of prejudice

Answer 24

everyone has prejudice
goes through process of justification and suppression
more likely to express when justified
less likely when suppressed

Question 25

intergroup behavior

Answer 25

any behavior influenced by realization of groups
competitive - group boundaries salient
ethnocentric - values or ideals of group better than others

Question 26

“isms”

Answer 26

special bias types

1. group diffs assumed to be biological
2. assumptions that group is superior
3. rationalize institutional/cultural practices that formalize domination of group
4. person showing “ism” has higher status

Question 27

system justification theory

Answer 27

people favorably view system and status quo
endorses legitimizing myths
pushes down low status groups
world based on merit –> low can advance, high worked hard to get here

Question 28

big 3

Answer 28

personal responsibility, danger, rarity

more discrimination when group member thought to be part of group because

Question 29

prosocial behavior

Answer 29

act performed to benefit another
motivated by evolutionary psych, social exchange, and empathy/altruism
affected by gender norms, culture norms, moods
urban overload hypothesis - people in cities overstimulated, avoid
pluralistic ignorance - think others interpreting event in way they are not
bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

Question 30

empathy altruism hypothesis

Answer 30

prosocial behavior
when we feel empathy, we help altruistically even with cost
w/o empathy, social exchange

Question 31

kin selection

Answer 31

prosocial behavior
behaviors helping relative favored by selection
evolutionary psychology

Question 32

norm of reciprocity

Answer 32

prosocial behavior
expectation that helping others increases likelihood of being helped
rewards > costs
social exchange

Question 33

aggression

Answer 33

any verbal or physical behavior intended to harm
instrumental - goal based
hostile - no reason

Question 34

cultural aggression determinants

Answer 34

culture/norms (men>women)
honor: men honorable for aggression
social cognitive learning theory = we observe through observation –> people rewarded for aggression
socialization = values from parents/friends

Question 35

situational aggression determinants

Answer 35

frustration
rejection
categorization/identity threat
weapons
alcohol
harm/reputation threat (mhb)

Question 36

MARS model of aggression

Answer 36

top down factors: provocation, perceived expectation, capacity
bottom up effects: biological, bypass suppression (outlets stifled)