EXAM 3 Flashcards
identity theory
gain sense of belonging based on roles we see ourselves playing in group
more we commit to identity, more salient more want to invest
more group ID, less likely to bring up short term faults, care more about long term
social facilitation
when being watched we perform better on simple task and worse on complex
creates anxiety
explanations: more alert, evaluation apprehension, distraction
social loafing
presence of others relaxes us if we cannot be evaluated individually
improved performance on complex tasks
positive outcomes of latching to groups
belonging
collective esteem - loss of identity without aligning, we want a role
SE increase
4 tenets of social identity theory
- social categorization - quick and effortless
- category attenuation effect - exaggerate similarity to in group –> discrim
- social identification - adopt ingroup identity, favoritism –> discrim
- social comparison and positive distinctiveness - see our groups positive others neg
when group diffs made salient, disagreement
collective action
make a change in society
intergroup unrest
driven by relative deprivation
relative deprivation
collective action
feel like you or group disadvantage compared to others
egoistic - you feel deprived (blame on external)
fraternalistic - feel group deprived (assume deprivation based on diffs and injustice)
fraternalistic leads to greater action –> sharing ideals and group identity
ethnocentrism
apply one’s culture/identity as reference for others
realistic conflict theory
ethnocentrism produced when groups compete
contact between groups can help - realize diffs smaller and cooperation
minimal groups paradigm
minimal condition for intergroup biases is simply being a member of a group
even if group based on nothing
fast
we want success for own group even if arbitrary
robbers cave study
when strangers interact to achieve common goals, produce hierarchy
in groups compete
group diffs forgotten in cooperation
legitimizing myth
legitimizes negative attitude to group
justifies prejudice
zero sum thinking
if minority group members inc. in power, major feel like they lose power
authoritarianism
rule based ideology
correlated with racism
symbolic threat
realistic threat
belief that groups pose competitive threat
visible
social dominance orientation
symbolic threat
belief that group threatens values
authoritarianism
intergroup anxiety
threat
negative emotions or attitudes with outgroup interaction
negative contact that heightens neg attitude to group
social dominance orientation
extent that we value hierarchy
associated with authoritarianism
realistic threat - hierarchy in jeopardy
bias
all forms of preferential thinking/behaving to anyone based on group
prejudice (A), discrimination (B), stereotype (C)
stereotype
belief generalized to all group members created to feel good protects majority SE automatic more likely to be acted on legitimize prejudice cognitive toolbox model
cognitive toolbox model
stereotyping is functional process to improve cognitive efficiency
categorization is important for intelligence
prejudice
emotion directed at all members of group
majority and minority have better emotions towards majjority
discrimination
differential treatment of someone based on group
justification suppression model of prejudice
everyone has prejudice
goes through process of justification and suppression
more likely to express when justified
less likely when suppressed
intergroup behavior
any behavior influenced by realization of groups
competitive - group boundaries salient
ethnocentric - values or ideals of group better than others
“isms”
special bias types
- group diffs assumed to be biological
- assumptions that group is superior
- rationalize institutional/cultural practices that formalize domination of group
- person showing “ism” has higher status
system justification theory
people favorably view system and status quo
endorses legitimizing myths
pushes down low status groups
world based on merit –> low can advance, high worked hard to get here
big 3
personal responsibility, danger, rarity
more discrimination when group member thought to be part of group because
prosocial behavior
act performed to benefit another
motivated by evolutionary psych, social exchange, and empathy/altruism
affected by gender norms, culture norms, moods
urban overload hypothesis - people in cities overstimulated, avoid
pluralistic ignorance - think others interpreting event in way they are not
bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
empathy altruism hypothesis
prosocial behavior
when we feel empathy, we help altruistically even with cost
w/o empathy, social exchange
kin selection
prosocial behavior
behaviors helping relative favored by selection
evolutionary psychology
norm of reciprocity
prosocial behavior
expectation that helping others increases likelihood of being helped
rewards > costs
social exchange
aggression
any verbal or physical behavior intended to harm
instrumental - goal based
hostile - no reason
cultural aggression determinants
culture/norms (men>women)
honor: men honorable for aggression
social cognitive learning theory = we observe through observation –> people rewarded for aggression
socialization = values from parents/friends
situational aggression determinants
frustration rejection categorization/identity threat weapons alcohol harm/reputation threat (mhb)
MARS model of aggression
top down factors: provocation, perceived expectation, capacity
bottom up effects: biological, bypass suppression (outlets stifled)
