EXAM 2

Question 1

Social identity theory

Answer 1

gain sense of esteem based on memberships and groups
ex. men get esteem boost with high score and when told men do better and also esteem boost with low score when told women do better
terror management - protection in group
in group

Question 2

Self concept

Answer 2

beliefs of self and attributes

Question 3

Social functions of self

Answer 3

self knowledge
self control
impression management
self esteem

Question 4

Self knowledge

Answer 4

social function of self
organization of knowledge about ourselves (prior experiences, relationships, behaviors)
self perception theory - we observe behavior according to situation factors to make conclusions about ourself (not always accurate)
examine behavior and compare to attitudes

Question 5

Self control

Answer 5

social functions of self
making or following through on plans
ego depletion theory = self control is limited
when self control depleted we make worse decisions
does not replicate well - small effect - people have the willpower

Question 6

Impression management

Answer 6

social function of self
how we appear to others
change behavior in situations

Question 7

Self esteem

Answer 7

social function of self
peoples evaluation of self worth
collective esteem = esteem based on social groups
bad at extremes
narcissism - high unstable SE (high self opinion, no empathy)
terror management theory = manage mortal terror by building SE
when encounter a threat we bring others down to increase SE

Question 8

social comparison theory

Answer 8

we learn about ourselves by comparing to others
downward - compare to weaker in attribute to feel better
upward - compare to better to motivate (can backfire)
effects esteem

Question 9

in group bias

Answer 9

favor others in groups
more empathy for in group
1. categorization 2. identification 3. comparison
more reciprocity
pos: more empathy, belonging, trust
neg: resources taken from out group

Question 10

looking glass self

Answer 10

evaluate ourselves according to things around us
evaluate ourselves based on how people see us
justify behavior
evaluation of behavior shapes identity

Question 11

rewards and behavior

Answer 11

task contingent - did i do task
performance contingent - based on performance
overjustification - baseline, reward (inc in performance), follow up (decrease)

Question 12

affective forecasts

Answer 12

we make predictions about how we feel towards things
affected by how others feel
change in behavior
people trust themselves more, friends more accurate

Question 13

attraction

Answer 13

familiarity - mere exposure effect
reciprocal liking - we like people when they like us
situational emotions

Question 14

situational emotions

Answer 14

attraction
two factor theory of emotion = understand 2 steps (experience arousal, appraise)
misattribution of arousal = misattribute phys symptoms to different emotion (scared from scary movie –> arousal)
semi objective nature = ratings of attractiveness reliable

Question 15

attitude formation

Answer 15

justification of effort
cognitive dissonance
yale attitude change approach model
elaboration likelihood model
fear mongering

Question 16

justification of effort

Answer 16

attitude formation
like things more when you work harder to get them
ex. hazing increases attractiveness to group

Question 17

cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

attitude formation
attitude does not match behavior so we change attitude
reason for justification of effort - why work hard if you dont like something?
justify the behavior

Question 18

yale attitude change approach model

Answer 18

attitude formation
conditions under which people change attitudes
1. source of message (attraction, credibility, trust), sleeper effects (initial message of not liked source ignored, later people remember msg not source)
2. features of the message (subtle > direct), timing, elaboration, both sides
3. audience characteristics (intelligence, self esteem, age, attention)

Question 19

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 19

attitude formation
situations with high elaboration favor primacy
situations with low favor recency
with motivation –> high effort –> look at msg –> lasting change
with low motivation –> low effort –> outside cues –> temporary change
more elaboration better decision

Question 20

fear mongering

Answer 20

use fear to persuade

only effective if fear gets people to elaborate and message teaches to reduce fear

Question 21

resisting attitude change

Answer 21

social vigilantism = opinion is better and should be impressed
attitude inoculation = small exposure to challenge strengthens attitude
reactance = people do not like to be challenged

Question 22

resistance strategies

Answer 22

attitude bolstering = respond by thinking about reasons for belief
negative affect = more angry more resistance
assertion of confidence
selective exposure = leave / ignore
source derogation 
social validation
impression of beliefs
counterargue

Question 23

theory of planned behavior

Answer 23

intentions best behavior predictor

1. attitudes: more specific, higher link to behavior
2. subjective norms: how do others expect me to behave, if attitude aligns w norms more predictive of behavior
3. behavioral control: if locus is internal, more likely to do behavior

Question 24

conformity

Answer 24

behavior change from real/imagined others

Question 25

compliance

Answer 25

change behavior at another request

Question 26

obedience

Answer 26

change behavior for authority

Question 27

social norms

Answer 27

perceptions that guide our behavior allowing us to be accurate and liked by others

Question 28

informational social influence

Answer 28

if situation ambiguous, we look to others

if others not responding, we do not either

Question 29

normative social influence

Answer 29

we go along with the crowd to be liked

Question 30

injunctive norms

Answer 30

what ought to be

works better with high elaboration

Question 31

descriptive norms

Answer 31

what is happening

more effective under low elaboration

Question 32

boomerang effect

Answer 32

bad behavior done more
if norms too strong
if people already below the norm, they feel ok to keep doing it

Question 33

situational factors of conformity

Answer 33

culture
who message is coming from (yale attitude)
group size
motivations
social impact theory = conforming depends on group identification, immediacy, size
2 main reasons: private acceptance (we believe others know what to do), public compliance (we want to fit in)

Question 34

agency theory

Answer 34

obedience
we more likely to obey in agentic state
people can pass on blame
believe authority will accept responsibility
must be perceived as qualified

Question 35

deindividuation

Answer 35

obedience
people obey the most when looked at as a group
when we cannot be identified social norms loosen