EXAM 2 Flashcards
Social identity theory
gain sense of esteem based on memberships and groups
ex. men get esteem boost with high score and when told men do better and also esteem boost with low score when told women do better
terror management - protection in group
in group
Self concept
beliefs of self and attributes
Social functions of self
self knowledge
self control
impression management
self esteem
Self knowledge
social function of self
organization of knowledge about ourselves (prior experiences, relationships, behaviors)
self perception theory - we observe behavior according to situation factors to make conclusions about ourself (not always accurate)
examine behavior and compare to attitudes
Self control
social functions of self
making or following through on plans
ego depletion theory = self control is limited
when self control depleted we make worse decisions
does not replicate well - small effect - people have the willpower
Impression management
social function of self
how we appear to others
change behavior in situations
Self esteem
social function of self
peoples evaluation of self worth
collective esteem = esteem based on social groups
bad at extremes
narcissism - high unstable SE (high self opinion, no empathy)
terror management theory = manage mortal terror by building SE
when encounter a threat we bring others down to increase SE
social comparison theory
we learn about ourselves by comparing to others
downward - compare to weaker in attribute to feel better
upward - compare to better to motivate (can backfire)
effects esteem
in group bias
favor others in groups more empathy for in group 1. categorization 2. identification 3. comparison more reciprocity pos: more empathy, belonging, trust neg: resources taken from out group
looking glass self
evaluate ourselves according to things around us
evaluate ourselves based on how people see us
justify behavior
evaluation of behavior shapes identity
rewards and behavior
task contingent - did i do task
performance contingent - based on performance
overjustification - baseline, reward (inc in performance), follow up (decrease)
affective forecasts
we make predictions about how we feel towards things
affected by how others feel
change in behavior
people trust themselves more, friends more accurate
attraction
familiarity - mere exposure effect
reciprocal liking - we like people when they like us
situational emotions
situational emotions
attraction
two factor theory of emotion = understand 2 steps (experience arousal, appraise)
misattribution of arousal = misattribute phys symptoms to different emotion (scared from scary movie –> arousal)
semi objective nature = ratings of attractiveness reliable
attitude formation
justification of effort cognitive dissonance yale attitude change approach model elaboration likelihood model fear mongering
justification of effort
attitude formation
like things more when you work harder to get them
ex. hazing increases attractiveness to group
cognitive dissonance
attitude formation
attitude does not match behavior so we change attitude
reason for justification of effort - why work hard if you dont like something?
justify the behavior
yale attitude change approach model
attitude formation
conditions under which people change attitudes
1. source of message (attraction, credibility, trust), sleeper effects (initial message of not liked source ignored, later people remember msg not source)
2. features of the message (subtle > direct), timing, elaboration, both sides
3. audience characteristics (intelligence, self esteem, age, attention)
elaboration likelihood model
attitude formation
situations with high elaboration favor primacy
situations with low favor recency
with motivation –> high effort –> look at msg –> lasting change
with low motivation –> low effort –> outside cues –> temporary change
more elaboration better decision
fear mongering
use fear to persuade
only effective if fear gets people to elaborate and message teaches to reduce fear
resisting attitude change
social vigilantism = opinion is better and should be impressed
attitude inoculation = small exposure to challenge strengthens attitude
reactance = people do not like to be challenged
resistance strategies
attitude bolstering = respond by thinking about reasons for belief negative affect = more angry more resistance assertion of confidence selective exposure = leave / ignore source derogation social validation impression of beliefs counterargue
theory of planned behavior
intentions best behavior predictor
- attitudes: more specific, higher link to behavior
- subjective norms: how do others expect me to behave, if attitude aligns w norms more predictive of behavior
- behavioral control: if locus is internal, more likely to do behavior
conformity
behavior change from real/imagined others
compliance
change behavior at another request
obedience
change behavior for authority
social norms
perceptions that guide our behavior allowing us to be accurate and liked by others
informational social influence
if situation ambiguous, we look to others
if others not responding, we do not either
normative social influence
we go along with the crowd to be liked
injunctive norms
what ought to be
works better with high elaboration
descriptive norms
what is happening
more effective under low elaboration
boomerang effect
bad behavior done more
if norms too strong
if people already below the norm, they feel ok to keep doing it
situational factors of conformity
culture
who message is coming from (yale attitude)
group size
motivations
social impact theory = conforming depends on group identification, immediacy, size
2 main reasons: private acceptance (we believe others know what to do), public compliance (we want to fit in)
agency theory
obedience we more likely to obey in agentic state people can pass on blame believe authority will accept responsibility must be perceived as qualified
deindividuation
obedience
people obey the most when looked at as a group
when we cannot be identified social norms loosen
