Exam 3 Flashcards
animism
Belief in spiritual beings
intellectual (or cognitive) approach
The notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things and events; Explain - explains stuff to our minds
psychological approach
The notion that the emotional or affective satisfactions people gain from religion are primary; Relieve anxiety/comfort/confidence
sociological approach
The effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forth; Social conformity/hold society together
witchcraft
The use of psychic powers to harm others by supernatural means
individualistic cults
Cults based on personal relationships between specific individuals and specific supernatural powers
shamanistic cults
Cults in which certain individuals (shamans) have relationships with supernatural powers that ordinary people lack
communal cults
rituals intended to benefit all
ecclesiastical cults
Highly organized cults in which a full-time priesthood performs rituals believed to benefit believers or the whole society, usually in large buildings dedicated to religious purposes or deities; found in complex societies
vision quest
The attempt to enlist the aid of supernatural powers by intentionally seeking a dream or vision
shaman (medicine man)
Part-time religious specialist who uses his special relationship to supernatural powers for curing members of his group and harming members of other groups
ancestral cults
A type of communal cult centered around rituals performed to worship or please a kin group’s ancestors
totemism
A form of communal cult in which all members of a kin group have mystical relationships with one or more natural objects
revitalization movement
A religious movement explicitly intended to create a new way of life for a society or group
cargo cults
Melanesian revitalization movements in which prophets claim to know secret rituals that will bring wealth (cargo)
sexual dimorphism
Physical differences based on genetic differences between females and males
cultural construction of gender
The idea that the kinship relationships a given people recognize do not perfectly reflect biological relationships; reflected in the kinship terminology
sexual (gendered) division of labor
The kinds of productive activities (tasks) that are assigned to women versus men in a culture
gender (sex) roles
The rights and duties individuals have because of their perceived identities as males, females, or another gender category
gender crossing
Custom by which a person of one sex is allowed to adopt the roles and behaviors of the opposite sex, with little or no stigma or punishment
multiple gender identities
Definitions of sexual identities beyond the female and male duality, including their and fourth genders such as man-woman or woman-man
gender stratification
The degree to which males and females are unequal in dimensions such as status, power or influence, access to valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about their own lives
globalization
The process of integrating the world’s peoples economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single world system or community
global trade
The direct or indirect exchange of goods and products between peoples from all regions of the world
global economy
The buying and selling of goods and services in an integrated global market
transnational corporations
A company that produces and sells most of its products or service outside its “home” country
refugees
Individuals and families who temporarily take up residence in another region or country to escape famine, warfare, or some other life-threatening event
ethnic group
A named social group based on perceptions of shared ancestry, cultural traditions, and common history that culturally distinguish that group from other groups
hierarchical nesting
Occurs when an ethnic group is part of a larger collection of ethnic group, which together constitute a higher level of ethnic identity
origin myth
The collective history of an ethnic group that defines which subgroups are part of it and its relationship to other ethnic groups
ethnic boundary markers
Any overt characteristics that can be used to indicate ethnic group membership
ethnogenesis
The creation of a new ethnic group
nationality
An ethnic group that claims a right to a discrete homeland and to political autonomy and self-determination
homeland
A geographical region over which a particular ethnic group feels it has exclusive rights
subnationalities
A dependent subgroup within a larger nationality that lacks the concept of a separate homeland and makes no claim to any inherent right to political autonomy and self-determination
transnationals
Members of an ethnic community living outside their country of origin
civilization
A form of complex society in which many people live in cities
artificial countries
Multi-nationality countries created by external powers; usually applied to former colonies
ethnic homogenization
The attempt to create a single ethnic group in a particular geographical region
ethnic cleansing
The elimination or removal of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a country or a particular geographical region; usually involves genocide and/or relocation of the population
genocide
The deliberate attempt to eliminate the members of an ethnic category or cultural tradition
relocation
The forced removal of the members of a particular ethnic group from one geographical region to another
assimilation
The merging of the members of one ethnic group into another, with the consequent abandonment of the former group’s identity
forced assimilation
The social absorption of one ethnic group by another ethnic group through the use of force
passive assimilation
The voluntary social absorption of one ethnic group by another ethnic group
segregation
The enforced separation of ethnic groups, in which the dominant ethnic group places legal restrictions on the actions of the members of the other group
accommodation
The creation of social and political systems that provide for and support ethnic group differences
applied anthropology
Subfield whose practitioners use anthropological methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; practitioners are often employed by a governmental agency or private organization
scarcity explanation of hunger
Holds that there are not enough land, water, and other resources to feed all the people of a country or region an adequate diet, given current technology
inequality explanation of hunger
Notion that hunger is not caused by absolute scarcity but by the unequal distribution or resources and how these resources are used
technology transfer solution
The notion that developing nations can best solve their hunger problems by adopting the technology and production methods of modern mechanized agriculture
indigenous peoples
Culturally distinct peoples who have occupied a region longer than peoples who have colonized or immigrated to the region
High-fructose corn syrup
Produced through a series of enzymatic transformations that break down corn starch into sugars - a process that requires sulfuric acid and other industrial chemicals
Corn-fed beef
fattened in feedlots for 3 to 6 months and fed 70 to 90% corn
King Corn (2007)
film about the modern industrial food system
gender
Culturally prescribed and perceived ways that males and females are expected to behave
sex
Biological designation
Margaret Mead
Wrote “Coming of Age in Samoa”, believed in cultural determinism
third gender
Alternative gender, not a variation on the first two
Berdache
found among Native American’s in N. America, found among Zuni/Southwest; men who take the role of women - boys who participate in domestic activities of girls, considered to be a third gender
Hijras
Members of religious community who are neither males or female; people born male, not identified as a male. Undergo a ritual surgery - operation to become a third sex - Third gender and third sex in N. India.
Religion
Belief in supernatural powers and attempts to influence supernatural power by use of ritual
Shaman
Part-time religious practitioner; can go into trance and bring power of supernatural into their bodies
Mana
supernatural force or power that makes things go your way
ritual
behaviors intended to influence supernatural powers to benefit (or sometime harm)
prayer
religious activity; ask for something/verbal communication
Magic
used to coercise or compel the supernatural
witchcraft or sorcery
Forms of magic to specifically cause harm
sorcerers
Actually manipulate objects, make potions, voodoo dolls, to cause harm to other people
witches
Use psychic power to cause harm to others
rights of passage
Rituals or ceremonies that mark a change in social status usually brought on by increasing age e.g. Bar Mitzvah, Confirmation, Baptism, Graduation, marriage, death
U.N. Palermo Protocol
“Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; Definition from the U.N. of human trafficking, regarded as general definition
debt bondage
traffickers insist they must pay off debt before they are set free
Stockholm Syndrome
creates positive feeling toward abuser or traffickers (often seen in domestic violence); want to psychologically weaken the individual
Indigenous peoples
“Native” Inhabitants, original inhabitants
==> Foraging, horticultural, pastoral peoples not integrated into industrial economies
Sociocide
destroying aspects of the identity of people so they assimilate in the dominance society
Manifest Destiny
God’s will that White settlers move west
Scarcity Explanation
Overpopulation causes hunger - not enough land/technology to meet needs of growing population ==> food producing resources; hunger caused because there are too many people! Too many people, not enough resources to feed everyone.
Inequality Explanation
Unequal access/distribution of resources, especially land. Based on ability to pay, not by need. Growing export/cash crops to earn a profit rather than staple crops e.g. corn. There are few people who control available resources and control them based on profitability.
