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Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction

A

altering of nature

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2
Q

Domestication

A

intentional planting or cultivation of selected plants and the taming/breeding of certain species of animals

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3
Q

Horticulture

A

cultivating using hand tools powered by human muscles

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4
Q

Intensive Agriculture

A

cultivating plots annually or semi-annually; uses irrigation, fertilizers, and plows powered by animals

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5
Q

Surplus

A

the amount of food a farmer produces in excess of the consumption of themselves and dependents

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6
Q

Peasants

A

rural people integrated into a larger society politically and economically

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7
Q

Nomadism

A

seasonal mobility, often involving migration to high altitude areas during the hottest/driest parts of the year

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8
Q

Transhumance

A

pastoral pattern - migration to different elevations for seasonal differences and the availability of pasture lands

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9
Q

Maasai

A

cattle herders

  • look down on cultivation because their herds represent wealth and are the main symbol of their cultural identity relative to their neighbors
  • live off of products of their cattle (blood, milk, meat curds)
  • continue to live this way for cultural and ecological reasons; helps define their cultural identity relative to their neighboring peoples
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10
Q

Globalization of Production

A

process of corporations headquartered in one country relocating their production facilities to other countries to reduce production costs and remain globally competetive

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11
Q

Reciprocity

A

transfer of goods for goods between two or more individuals or groups

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12
Q

Redistribution

A

collection of goods or money from a group followed by a reallocation to the group by a central authority

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13
Q

Market

A

exchange by means of buying and selling, using money

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14
Q

Generalized Reciprocity

A

giving of goods without expectation of a return of equal value at any definite future time

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15
Q

Balanced Reciprocity

A

exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange

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16
Q

Negative Reciprocity

A

exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods in which the parties try to gain all the material goods they can

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17
Q

Social Distance

A

degree to which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another

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18
Q

Tribute

A

rendering of goods to an authority such as a chief

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19
Q

Money

A

objects that serve as media of exchange in a wide range of transactions of goods, services or both

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20
Q

Limited-Purpose Money

A

money that may be used to purchase only a few kinds of goods

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21
Q

Market Globalization

A

worlds national economies are integrated into a single global exchange system organized by market principles

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22
Q

Band

A

small foraging group with flexible compostion that migrates seasonally

(25-50)

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23
Q

Simple Bands

A

independent political units, consisting of little more than extended family, with informal leadership in one of the older family members

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24
Q

Composite Bands

A

independent political units with extended families that live together for most or all of the year

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25
Q

Big Men

A

political leaders with no formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence and authority

Comanche

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26
Q

Influence

A

ability to convince people they should act as you suggest

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27
Q

Authority

A

right of a person to command another

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28
Q

Tribe

A

independent political unit with many geographically dispersed communities held together by sodalities

(100)

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29
Q

Sodalities

A

formal institutions that unite geographically scattered groups, may be based on kin groups or not

Cheyenne

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30
Q

Chiefdoms

A

centralized political system with formal authority of offices or titles

(1000)

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31
Q

States

A

centralized, multilevel political unit with a bureaucracy that acts on behalf of the ruling elite

(10k-1bil)

Inca Empire

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32
Q

Social Control

A

when behavior is constrained into what’s acceptable, maintaining conformity

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33
Q

Law

A

social control - authority, universal application, obligation, and sanction

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34
Q

Self Help Legal Systems

A

informal legal systems in societies without centralized political systems, in which authorities who settle disputes are defined by the circumstances of the case

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35
Q

Feud

A

dispute settlement in self help legal systems with balanced killings

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36
Q

Court Legal System

A

systems in which authority for settling disputes and punishing crimes is formally vested in a single individual or group

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37
Q

Incipient Court

A

judicial authorities meet in private, evidence is not formally collected and parties involved aren’t formally consulted

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38
Q

Courts of Mediation

A

judges attempt to reach compromise solutions based on norms and values

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39
Q

Courts of Regulation

A

use codified laws, with formally prescribed rights, duties, and sanctions

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40
Q

Reasonable Person Model

A

model used in legal reasoning that basically asks how a reasonable individual should have acted under the circumstances

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41
Q

Inequality

A

degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in the access to rewards

wealth, power, prestige

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42
Q

Egalitarian Society

A

form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards

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43
Q

Ranked Society

A

has limited number of high ranking social positions that grant authority; groups are ranked relative to one another, highest rank bringing highest rewards

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44
Q

Stratified Society

A

heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige

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45
Q

Class

A

system of stratification in which memberships in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed

46
Q

Caste

A

stratification system in which membership in a stratum is in theory hereditary, relationships/contact among members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms or prohibitions

47
Q

Castes in Traditional India

A 
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishas
Shudras
Untouchables
48
Q

Ideologies

A

ideas and beliefs that legitimize and reinforce inequalities in stratified societies

49
Q

Secular Ideology

A

ideology that justifies inequality based on society wide benefits

50
Q

Functional Theory of Inequality

A

stratification is a way to reward individuals who contribute most of society’s well being

51
Q

Conflict Theory of Inequality

A

stratification benefits mainly the upper stratum and is the cause of most social unrest and other conflicts in human societies

52
Q

Consanguines

A

people related by birth, “blood relatives”

53
Q

Affines

A

people related by marriage, in-laws

54
Q

Kin Group

A

group of people who culturally conceive themselves to be relatives

55
Q

Nuclear Family

A

family group consisting of a married couple and their offspring

56
Q

Extended Family

A

group of related nuclear families

57
Q

Household

A

dwelling usually inhabited by consanguineous and affinal relatives of fictive kin who cooperate and share resources

58
Q

Fictive Kinship

A

condition in which people who aren’t biologically related behave as if they’re relatives of a certain type

59
Q

Incest Taboo

A

prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives

60
Q

Exogamous Rules

A

marriage rules prohibiting individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category

61
Q

Endogamous Rules

A

marriage rules requiring individuals to marry members of their own social group or category

62
Q

Monogamy

A

only one spouse

63
Q

Polygyny

A

one man is allowed to have multiple wives

64
Q

Polyandry

A

one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands

65
Q

Group Marriage

A

several women and several men are married to one another simultaneoulsy

66
Q

Polygamy

A

multiple spouses

67
Q

Marriage Alliances

A

relationships created between families or kin groups by intermarriage

68
Q

Levirate

A

custom whereby a widow marries a male relative of her deceased husband

69
Q

Sororate

A

custom whereby a widow marries a female relative of his deceased wife

70
Q

Bridewealth

A

custom that requires a man and/or his relatives to transfer wealth to the relatives of his bride

71
Q

custom that requires a man and/or his relatives to transfer wealth to the relatives of his bride

A

custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife

72
Q

Dowry

A

custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband’s family upon her marriage

73
Q

Postmarital Residence Pattern

A

majority of newly married couples establish their own residence

74
Q

Patrilocal Residence

A

couples live with or near the husband’s parents

75
Q

Matrilocal Residence

A

couples live with or near the wife’s parents

76
Q

Unilineal Descent

A

through one line

77
Q

Patrilineal Descent

A

individuals trace their most important kinship relationships through their fathers

78
Q

Matrilineal Descent

A

individuals trace their most important kinship relationships through their mothers

79
Q

Clan

A

named unilineal descent group, some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related

80
Q

Video

A

hunting promotes kinship
key to survival is kinship
no written language/tech
John Marshall

81
Q

Arranging a Marriage in India

A

Serena Nanda
Sita was her informant
helped a friend match her son for arranged marraige

82
Q

Life without Chiefs

A

for tens of thousands of years life went on without authority figures (Marvin Harris)

Sinai, Solomon Islands youth wanted to become big men (mumi)
Douglas Oliver

83
Q

Julian Steward

A

3 aspects of cultural ecology

  1. relationship between technology & environment
  2. behavior patterns by which technology is utilized
  3. what is the link to other aspects of culture
84
Q

Leslie A White

A

culture becomes more complex over time

ExT=C

E-amount of energy used per capita per year
T-technological efficiency with which energy is used
C-level of culture

85
Q

Descent Groups

A

descending from a common ancestor

86
Q

Unilineal Descent Group

A

group of relatives, all of whom are related through only one sex

87
Q

Unilineal Extended Families

A

grouping formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex

88
Q

Lineage

A

unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related

89
Q

Nonunilineal Descent

A

individuals don’t regularly associate with either matrilineal or patrilineal relatives, but make choices about whom to live with, whose land to use, etc

90
Q

Cognate Descent

A

relationships may be traced through both females and males

91
Q

Cognatic Descent Group

A

group of relatives created by tracing relationships through both females and males

92
Q

Bilateral Kinship

A

individuals trace their relationships through both parents

93
Q

Kindred

A

all the bilateral relatives of an individual

94
Q

Kin Terms

A

words to refer to relatives

95
Q

Kinship Terminology

A

logically consistent system by which people classify their relatives into labeled categories

96
Q

Cultural Construction of Kinship

A

idea that kinship relationships a given people recognize don’t perfectly reflect biological relationships

97
Q

Eskimo Terminology

A

kinship system in which no nuclear family kin term is extended to more distant relatives

98
Q

Hawaiian Terminology

A

kin system in which only sex and generation are relevant in defining label categories of relatives

99
Q

Iroquois Terminology

A

kinship system in which Ego calls parallel cousins the same term as siblings, fathers brother as father, and mother’s mother as mother

100
Q

Omaha Terminology

A

kinship system associated with patrilineal descent in which Ego’s mother’s relatives are distinguished only by their sex

101
Q

The Capitalist Class

A

(1% of the population) composed of investors, heirs, and a few executives; divided into “old” money and “new” money

102
Q

The Upper-Middle Class

A

(14% of the population) composed of professions and upper managers, almost all of whom have attended college or university frequently have post-graduate degrees

103
Q

The Lower-Middle Class

A

(30% of the the population) composed of lower managers, craftspeople and foreman - have at least a high school education

104
Q

The Working Class

A

(30% of the population) composed of factory workers and low-paid white collar workers - most have high school educations

105
Q

The Working Poor

A

(22% of the population) composed of relatively unskilled blue-collar and white-collar workers, and those with temporary and seasonal jobs - if graduated high school, probably did not do well in school

106
Q

The Underclass

A

(3% of the population) concentrated in the inner cities, little connection to the job market - welfare is their main support

107
Q

Patriarchal

A

Men dominate women, women have no power what so ever

108
Q

Serial Monogamy

A

One spouse at a time e.g. United States (people get divorced and remarried)

109
Q

Cross cousins

A

children of siblings of the opposite sex

110
Q

Parallel cousins

A

children of siblings of the same sex

111
Q

Pastoralism

A

Adaptation in which the needs of livestock for naturally occurring pasture and water greatly influence the movements of groups

Anthropology (3 decks)

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