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Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropological Subfields

A

physical/bio anthropology
archaeology
linguistics
cultural anthropology

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2
Q

society

A

group of people who share a common habitat or territory, interact on a regular basis, mutually dependent upon each other in some way

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3
Q

ethnography

A

systematic description of a culture based on first hand experience

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4
Q

cultural relativism

A

no culture is inherently superior or inferior to any other

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5
Q

anthropology

A

the academic discipline that studies all of humanity

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6
Q

applied anthropology

A

uses all four major subfields to help solve real world problems

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7
Q

archaeology

A

investigates the human past through excavation and analysis of material remains

prehistoric and historic

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8
Q

biological anthropology

A

studies the biological dimensions of humans and other primates

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9
Q

primatology

A

study evolution, anatomy, adaptation, and social behavior of primates

Jane Goodall- tool making in chimps

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10
Q

human variation

A

study how/why human populations vary physically due to heredity, genetic factors

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11
Q

paleoanthropology

A

investigates biological evolution of the human species

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12
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study of contemporary and historically recent human societies and cultures

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13
Q

anthropological linguistics

A

focuses on interrelationships between language and other aspects of culture

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14
Q

globalization

A

process by which peoples of the world’s nations participate in a single system that encompasses all people and nations

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15
Q

holistic perspective

A

no single aspect of human culture can be understood unless it’s relationships to other aspects of the culture are explored.

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16
Q

Comparative Perspective

A

Insistence that valid hypotheses & theories about humanity be tested with info from a wide range of cultures

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17
Q

Cultural Realism

A

One shouldn’t judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of ones own culture

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18
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that the moral standards, manners, attitudes of one culture are superior to those of other cultures

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19
Q

E.B. Tylor

A

One of the founders of cultural anthropology

Wrote - “Primitive Culture”

Ex: religion to explain the unexplainable

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20
Q

Cultural Knowledge

A

Attitudes, beliefs, conceptions, rules, values, standards, perceptions, and other info learned while growing up

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21
Q

Patterns of Behavior

A

Behavior most people perform within a culture when they are in certain culturally defined situations

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22
Q

Cultural Integration

A

Interrelationships among the various components of a cultural system

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23
Q

Culture

A

Socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior shared by some group of people

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24
Q

Cultural Identity

A

Individuals define themselves partly by the cultural group in which they were born and raised

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25
Q

Subculture

A

Cultural variations that exist within a single nation

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26
Q

Enculturation

A

Transmission of cultural knowledge to the next generation

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27
Q

Role

A

Rights and duties that individuals receive because of their identity or membership in a social group

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28
Q

Material Culture

A

Artifacts or other physical, visible manifestations of culture

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29
Q

Norms

A

Shared ideals about how certain people ought to act in given situations

30
Q

Values

A

Shared ideas about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles

31
Q

Symbols

A

Objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities

32
Q

Classifications of Reality

A

Ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into categories

33
Q

Worldview

A

Way people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves related to the world around them

34
Q

Philip Lieberman

A

Investigated the origins of language

35
Q

Cultural Determinism

A

Notion that the beliefs and behaviors of individuals are largely programmed by their culture

36
Q

Biological Determinism

A

Idea that biologically inherited differences between populations are important influences on cultural differences between them

37
Q

Cultural Universals

A

Elements of culture that exist in all known human groups and societies

38
Q

Diachronic

A

through time

39
Q

Synchronic

A

without time (present)

40
Q

Early Examples of Anthropological Thinking

A

Herodotus: recorder of customs and beliefs

Ibn-Khaldun: scientific study of society

41
Q

Enlightenment Examples of Anthropological Thinking

A

Thomas Hobbes-we are naturally warlike, native americans are window to human nature

John Locke-we are naturally peaceful/reasonable

Jean-Jacques Rousseau-things are getting worse over time

Immanual Kant-things are getting better over time

42
Q

Anthropological Theory

A

A system of assumptions, accepted principles, rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or explain social phenomena/behavior

43
Q

Criminal Behavior Theories

A

Born criminals, psychological, sociologial

44
Q

Cultural Evolution

A

Gradual, structural change in human culture

savagery-barbarism-civilization

45
Q

Lewis H. Morgan

A

Studied Iriquox Indians

Unilineal Evolution

46
Q

Morgan Theory of Evolution

A

Lower Savagery-wild fruit and nut subsistence
Middle Savagery-fish subsistence and fire technology
Upper Savagery-bow and arrow technology
Lower Barbarism-pottery
Middle Barbarism-domestication of animals, cultivation of maize
Upper Barbarism-iron technology
Civilization-phonetic alphabet and writing

47
Q

Psychic Unity of Mankind

A

Human minds have the same capability of evolve

48
Q

Karl Marx

A

Communist manifesto

49
Q

Historical Materialism

A

Economics explains course of history

Substructure (economics) shapes super structure (religion, politics, etc)

50
Q

19th Century Cultural Assumptions

A
  1. Evolution is unilinear
  2. Psychic Unity and Independent Invention
  3. Progress of Reason
  4. Cultures at the same stage today are like cultures at the same stage in the past
  5. Ideas about cultural evolution were combined with ideas about racial hierarchy
51
Q

Franz Boas

A

Father of American anthropology

Challenged notions of cultural evolution as well as racial hierarchy

Studied Bella Coola

52
Q

Summary of Boas’ Influences on Anthropology

A
  1. Argued for the detailed historical investigation of specific cultures
  2. Critic of the idea of “primitive mentality”
  3. Argued against explanations based on race
  4. Laid the foundation for modern concept/definition of culture
53
Q

Army Alpha Test

A

Intelligence test developed by Robert Yerkes

54
Q

Functionalism

A

Society is a system of interrelated parts that work together

55
Q

Bronislaw K. Malinowski

A

3 types of needs: Primary (food, shelter); Secondary (animal needs filtered through human needs); Integrative (myths, beliefs, values)

Emphasized needs of individuals

Trobriand Islanders, New Guinea

56
Q

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown

A

How cultural practices function to maintain society’s equilibrium, holding society together

Focused on needs of societies

Joking/Avoidance relationships

57
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Established possibility that humans evolved from apes

58
Q

Historical Particularism

A

Each culture is the unique product of all the influences to which it was subjected in its past

59
Q

Configurationalism

A

Each culture historically develops its own unique thematic patterns around which beliefs, values, and behaviors are oriented

60
Q

Neoevolutionism

A

Rebirth of evolutionary approaches to the theoretical study of culture

61
Q

Scientific Approaches

A

Human cultural differences/similarities can be explained in the same sense as biologists explain life and its evolution

62
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Emphasis that humans are animals and so are subject to similar evolutionary forces as other animals

Edward O. Wilson

63
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Rejects attempts to explain culture in general in favor of achieving an empathetic understanding of particular cultures

64
Q

Interpretive Anthropologistics

A

Analyze cultural elements by explicating their meanings to people and understanding them in their local context

Clifford Geertz

65
Q

Postmodernists

A

Methods and assumptions of all science are themselves culturally situated and culturally bound

66
Q

Ethnographic Fieldwork

A

Collection of info from living people about their way of life

67
Q

Ethnohistoric Research

A

Study of past cultures using written accounts and other documents

68
Q

Recall Ethnography

A

Attempt to reconstruct a cultural system at an earlier period by interviewing older individuals who lived during that period

69
Q

Participant Observation

A

Main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, involving living among a people and participating in their daily activities

70
Q

Ethnohistory

A

Study of past cultural systems through the use of written records

71
Q

Cross-Cultural Comparisons

A

Methodology for testing a hypothesis using a sample of societies drawn from around the world

72
Q

Controlled Comparisons

A

Comparative use of historically documented changes in particular groups of societies over time to define general cultural patterns and to test hypothses

Anthropology (3 decks)

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