Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise Phys > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

Low levels of oxygen in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

Adaptations gained from changes in the natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is acclimation?

A

Adaptations produced from a controlled environment such as a chambers mimicking high altitude or hypoxic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the general immediate pulmonary responses to increase in altitude

A

Hyperventilation
Reduction in CO2
Fluid Loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the general immediate cardiovascular responses to increase in altitude

A

Increase in sub maximal HR
Increase in sub maximal CO
Increase in catecholamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long does it take for NE to peak at a high altitude?

A

6 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An increase in HR and BP at a high altitude is due to a rise in what hormone?

A

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe what causes hyperventilation at high altitude

A

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus are sensitive to reduce oxygen pressure at high altitude.
This increases sympathetic activity resulting in an increase in alveolar ventilation raising alveolar PO2 to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does hyperventilation do at high altitude

A

Increases Alveolar Ventilation

Decreases CO2 concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What energy transfer system predominates during strength and power exercise like power lifting and high jump?

A

ATP stores in muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ATP is the predominate energy transfer system in what type of exercise?

A

Anaerobic, strength exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What energy transfer system predominates during sustained power exercises like sprinting?

A

ATP and PCr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What energy transfer system predominates during anaerobic power endurance like a 200m dash?

A

Lactic Acid ATP and PCr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What energy transfer system predominates during aerobic endurance training?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation / ECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What energy transfer system does not result in lactate?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the overload principle

A

Overload requires repetition, intensity and duration of an exercise to enhance physiologic function and induce training response and adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the Specificity Principle

A

Training for a specific sport will cause adaptations for that sport. The muscles activated during the particular exercise are the muscles adapting
‘sport specific performance’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the reversibility principle

A

Loss of physiological ability and adaptations due to lack of maintaining regular exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some of the cardiovascular effects of detraining?

A

A decrease in SV an CO
Decrease in aerobic activity capacity
Decrease in number of capillaries in trained muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the adaptations that occur in the ventilatory system along with exercise

A

The inspiratory muscles increase their capacity to generate force and power reducing the overall energy demands and reducing lactate production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the anaerobic system changes that occur during exercise

A

Increase in PCr, ATP, glycogen content, increase in lactate generation which increases the glycolytic capacity
Increase in anaerobic glycolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the aerobic system changes that occur during exercise

A

-Metabolic Machinery: skeletal muscle mitochondria increase in number allowing for more ATP to be produced
-Fat Metabolism: fat is used as energy at rest to conserve glycogen
-Carbohydrate Metabolism: carbs used as fuel during exercise and conserved after
Muscle Fibers: slow twitch fibers have greater aerobic capacity due to numerous and large mitochondria
Lactate: the lactate threshold is pushed out and increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is functional cardiac hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of the heart due to exercise adaptations–because of the increase in plasma volume and venous return there is an increased CO so the contractility of the heart increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is eccentric cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of the LV cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is concentric cardiac hypertrophy?

A

An increase in LV thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe lactate stacking

A

The process of producing a high blood lactate level by repeating an all out anaerobic effort for 1-3 min followed by rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the difference between overload and overreaching?

A

Overloading without the proper rest resulting in poor preformance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is overtraining?

A

Untreated overreaching that produces long-term decreased performance and impaired ability to train.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the effects of overtraining?

A

-Impairments in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonaldal and adrenal axes
Exercise-induced increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone and decreases in cortisol and insulin levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does over training effect hormones?

A

Increases ACTH, GH and decreases cortisol and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does exercise induced decrease in cortisol and insulin affect glycogen?

A

Prevents restoration of glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Signal the hypothalamus to decrease hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does a defect in leptin result in obesity?

A

Without leptin the need for food intake will always persist without the feeling of satiety

34
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

A hormone secreted from adipocytes that targets muscle and liver to increase energy use.
-induces fat burning and glucose use

35
Q

How does adiponectin increase energy use?

A
  • decreases glucose output
  • decreases fat accumulation
  • increases glucose uptake for energy
36
Q

What role does melacocortin receptor 4 play in obesity ?

A

A receptor in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that when bound by hormone signals to decrease food intake

37
Q

What is an orexigenic signal?

A

a signal to increase food intake

38
Q

What is an anorexigenic signal?

A

A signal to decrease food intake

39
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes and how does that relate to fluctuations in weight?

A

Hypertrophy-the increase in size of adipocytes–weight gain

Hyperplasia–the increase in number of adipocytes–obesity

40
Q

What is repetition maximum

A

The maximum weight lifted one time using proper form. . May take multiple trials to reach this

41
Q

Body movement produced by muscle movement that increases energy use

A

Physical Activity

42
Q

Planned and purposeful physical activity is defined as

A

Exercise

43
Q

Define physical fitness

A

how well someone can do physical activity

44
Q

Define health

A

physical, mental and social well being not just the absence of disease

45
Q

What is health related fitness

A

parts of physical fitness associated with good health and disease prevention

46
Q

Define longevity

A

length of life

47
Q

List the 4 components of health related fitness

A
  • Cardiovascular (aerobic) fitness
  • Flexibility of Lower Back and Hamstrings
  • Body Composition (lean to fat ratio)
  • Abdominal Muscular Strength
48
Q

How does concentric and eccentric strength decline?

A

Concentric strength decreases slowly then rapidly mid age.

Eccentric strength declines slower and later in life

49
Q

Which type of strength declines slowly, concentric or eccentric?

A

Eccentric

50
Q

Which declines faster maximal strength or power capacity?

A

Power capacity

51
Q

What is the emphasis of prehab programs?

A
  • Joint Stretching
  • Muscle activation & coordination
  • Core stability, balance
  • Max motor neuron recruitment
52
Q

Explain why muscle mass decreases with age

A

With age, remodeling decreases so less motor neurons are recruited leading to denervation and eventually muscle atrophy and decrease in muscle function. Exercise helps the remodeling process

53
Q

How can regular activity affect cancer occurrence

A
  • Regular exercise increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, an inflamed environment is good breeding ground for cancer.
  • Enhances leukocyte function
  • Lowers circulating blood glucose and insulin
54
Q

Describe the changes in neural function with aging

A
  • Decline in spinal cord axon number
  • Decline in nerve conduction velocity
  • Decline in neuromuscular performance
55
Q

How can training affect changes in neural function caused by aging?

A

slows decline and positively effects neuromuscular functions

56
Q

Describe the changes in simple and complex movement time with aging

A

Both types of movement may take longer to perform

57
Q

How does training affect the changed in movement time caused by aging?

A

The time to complete complex and simple movements decreases close to time of inactive young people

58
Q

Describe the changes in endocrine function with aging

A
  • Impaired glucose tolerance
  • Decrease in thyrotropin release from pituitary gland causing a decrease in metabolic rate function and glucose metabolism
  • Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis causing menopause and andropause
  • Changes in adrenal cortex reducing output of DHEA
  • Changes in GH and insulin like growth factors causing somatopause
59
Q

Describe the changes in the pulmonary system with aging

A
  • Deterioration in static and dynamic lung function

- Slowing of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

60
Q

How does training affect the changes in the pulmonary system due to aging?

A

Aerobic exercise increases gas exchange kinetics

61
Q

Describe the changes in the cardiovascular system with aging

A 
VO2 max declines
Max HR declines
Max CO declines
Venous compliance declines
Capillary to muscle ratio declines
62
Q

How does regular physical activity reduce blood pressure

A
  • Decreases total peripheral resistance by decreasing sympathetic activation
  • Alters renal function to eliminate sodium thus lowering blood volume
63
Q

What happens to ventilation in high altitude?

A

It increases

64
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood at high altitude

A

It drops

65
Q

What happens to the pH of arterial blood at high altitude

A

It rises

66
Q

What happens to pulmonary resistance at high altitude?

A

it increases

67
Q

What happens to the pulmonary artery pressure at high altitude?

A

It increases

68
Q

In which direction does the O2 hemoglobin curve shift when 2,3-DPG is increased?

A

to the right

69
Q

At high altitude hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

A

Decreases

70
Q

What happens to the heart rate when altitude is increased?

A

Heart rate increases

71
Q

Describe HR, CO and arterial pressure changes at 7 days at altitude

A

HR increases a lot
CO increases
Arterial pressure slightly increases

72
Q

Low oxygen levels in the blood stimulates the release of what hormone from the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

73
Q

What are the immediate physiological changes that occur at high altitude

A

Increased Ventilation

Increased HR

74
Q

What the physiological changes that occur after days at high altitude?

A

Increased hemoglobin concentration

Increased Erythropoiesis

75
Q

What are the physiological changes that occur weeks after high altitude exposure?

A

Increased capillary density
Increased aerobic activity in muscle
Increased mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle

76
Q

Negative effects of training at high altitude

A

Max CO decreases
Max SV decreases
Reduced max HR

77
Q

What is the best training regimen pertaining to altitude?

A

Live high train low

78
Q

Lowered oxygen tension due to altitude causes what in the lungs?

A

Vascular constriction of vessels

79
Q

What affect does hypoxic vasoconstriction have on the heart

A

Causes hypertrophy of right heart

80
Q

How does hypoxic vasoconstriction affect pulmonary resistance

A

Increases resistance

Exercise Phys (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions