Exam 3

Question 1

Define Hypoxia

Answer 1

Low levels of oxygen in tissues

Question 2

What is acclimatization?

Answer 2

Adaptations gained from changes in the natural environment

Question 3

What is acclimation?

Answer 3

Adaptations produced from a controlled environment such as a chambers mimicking high altitude or hypoxic environment

Question 4

List the general immediate pulmonary responses to increase in altitude

Answer 4

Hyperventilation
Reduction in CO2
Fluid Loss

Question 5

List the general immediate cardiovascular responses to increase in altitude

Answer 5

Increase in sub maximal HR
Increase in sub maximal CO
Increase in catecholamine release

Question 6

How long does it take for NE to peak at a high altitude?

Answer 6

6 days

Question 7

An increase in HR and BP at a high altitude is due to a rise in what hormone?

Answer 7

Epinephrine

Question 8

Describe what causes hyperventilation at high altitude

Answer 8

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus are sensitive to reduce oxygen pressure at high altitude.
This increases sympathetic activity resulting in an increase in alveolar ventilation raising alveolar PO2 to normal

Question 9

What does hyperventilation do at high altitude

Answer 9

Increases Alveolar Ventilation

Decreases CO2 concentration

Question 10

What energy transfer system predominates during strength and power exercise like power lifting and high jump?

Answer 10

ATP stores in muscle

Question 11

ATP is the predominate energy transfer system in what type of exercise?

Answer 11

Anaerobic, strength exercise

Question 12

What energy transfer system predominates during sustained power exercises like sprinting?

Answer 12

ATP and PCr

Question 13

What energy transfer system predominates during anaerobic power endurance like a 200m dash?

Answer 13

Lactic Acid ATP and PCr

Question 14

What energy transfer system predominates during aerobic endurance training?

Answer 14

Oxidative Phosphorylation / ECT

Question 15

What energy transfer system does not result in lactate?

Answer 15

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 16

Describe the overload principle

Answer 16

Overload requires repetition, intensity and duration of an exercise to enhance physiologic function and induce training response and adaptation

Question 17

Describe the Specificity Principle

Answer 17

Training for a specific sport will cause adaptations for that sport. The muscles activated during the particular exercise are the muscles adapting
‘sport specific performance’

Question 18

Describe the reversibility principle

Answer 18

Loss of physiological ability and adaptations due to lack of maintaining regular exercise

Question 19

What are some of the cardiovascular effects of detraining?

Answer 19

A decrease in SV an CO
Decrease in aerobic activity capacity
Decrease in number of capillaries in trained muscles

Question 20

Describe the adaptations that occur in the ventilatory system along with exercise

Answer 20

The inspiratory muscles increase their capacity to generate force and power reducing the overall energy demands and reducing lactate production

Question 21

List the anaerobic system changes that occur during exercise

Answer 21

Increase in PCr, ATP, glycogen content, increase in lactate generation which increases the glycolytic capacity
Increase in anaerobic glycolytic enzymes

Question 22

List the aerobic system changes that occur during exercise

Answer 22

-Metabolic Machinery: skeletal muscle mitochondria increase in number allowing for more ATP to be produced
-Fat Metabolism: fat is used as energy at rest to conserve glycogen
-Carbohydrate Metabolism: carbs used as fuel during exercise and conserved after
Muscle Fibers: slow twitch fibers have greater aerobic capacity due to numerous and large mitochondria
Lactate: the lactate threshold is pushed out and increased

Question 23

What is functional cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 23

Enlargement of the heart due to exercise adaptations–because of the increase in plasma volume and venous return there is an increased CO so the contractility of the heart increases

Question 24

What is eccentric cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 24

Increase in the size of the LV cavity

Question 25

What is concentric cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 25

An increase in LV thickness

Question 26

Describe lactate stacking

Answer 26

The process of producing a high blood lactate level by repeating an all out anaerobic effort for 1-3 min followed by rest

Question 27

What is the difference between overload and overreaching?

Answer 27

Overloading without the proper rest resulting in poor preformance.

Question 28

What is overtraining?

Answer 28

Untreated overreaching that produces long-term decreased performance and impaired ability to train.

Question 29

What are the effects of overtraining?

Answer 29

-Impairments in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonaldal and adrenal axes Exercise-induced increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone and decreases in cortisol and insulin levels

Question 30

How does over training effect hormones?

Answer 30

Increases ACTH, GH and decreases cortisol and insulin

Question 31

How does exercise induced decrease in cortisol and insulin affect glycogen?

Answer 31

Prevents restoration of glycogen

Question 32

What does leptin do?

Answer 32

Signal the hypothalamus to decrease hunger

Question 33

How does a defect in leptin result in obesity?

Answer 33

Without leptin the need for food intake will always persist without the feeling of satiety

Question 34

What is adiponectin?

Answer 34

A hormone secreted from adipocytes that targets muscle and liver to increase energy use. -induces fat burning and glucose use

Question 35

How does adiponectin increase energy use?

Answer 35

- decreases glucose output - decreases fat accumulation - increases glucose uptake for energy

Question 36

What role does melacocortin receptor 4 play in obesity ?

Answer 36

A receptor in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that when bound by hormone signals to decrease food intake

Question 37

What is an orexigenic signal?

Answer 37

a signal to increase food intake

Question 38

What is an anorexigenic signal?

Answer 38

A signal to decrease food intake

Question 39

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes and how does that relate to fluctuations in weight?

Answer 39

Hypertrophy-the increase in size of adipocytes--weight gain | Hyperplasia--the increase in number of adipocytes--obesity

Question 40

What is repetition maximum

Answer 40

The maximum weight lifted one time using proper form. . May take multiple trials to reach this

Question 41

Body movement produced by muscle movement that increases energy use

Answer 41

Physical Activity

Question 42

Planned and purposeful physical activity is defined as

Answer 42

Exercise

Question 43

Define physical fitness

Answer 43

how well someone can do physical activity

Question 44

Define health

Answer 44

physical, mental and social well being not just the absence of disease

Question 45

What is health related fitness

Answer 45

parts of physical fitness associated with good health and disease prevention

Question 46

Define longevity

Answer 46

length of life

Question 47

List the 4 components of health related fitness

Answer 47

- Cardiovascular (aerobic) fitness - Flexibility of Lower Back and Hamstrings - Body Composition (lean to fat ratio) - Abdominal Muscular Strength

Question 48

How does concentric and eccentric strength decline?

Answer 48

Concentric strength decreases slowly then rapidly mid age. | Eccentric strength declines slower and later in life

Question 49

Which type of strength declines slowly, concentric or eccentric?

Answer 49

Eccentric

Question 50

Which declines faster maximal strength or power capacity?

Answer 50

Power capacity

Question 51

What is the emphasis of prehab programs?

Answer 51

- Joint Stretching - Muscle activation & coordination - Core stability, balance - Max motor neuron recruitment

Question 52

Explain why muscle mass decreases with age

Answer 52

With age, remodeling decreases so less motor neurons are recruited leading to denervation and eventually muscle atrophy and decrease in muscle function. Exercise helps the remodeling process

Question 53

How can regular activity affect cancer occurrence

Answer 53

- Regular exercise increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, an inflamed environment is good breeding ground for cancer. - Enhances leukocyte function - Lowers circulating blood glucose and insulin

Question 54

Describe the changes in neural function with aging

Answer 54

- Decline in spinal cord axon number - Decline in nerve conduction velocity - Decline in neuromuscular performance

Question 55

How can training affect changes in neural function caused by aging?

Answer 55

slows decline and positively effects neuromuscular functions

Question 56

Describe the changes in simple and complex movement time with aging

Answer 56

Both types of movement may take longer to perform

Question 57

How does training affect the changed in movement time caused by aging?

Answer 57

The time to complete complex and simple movements decreases close to time of inactive young people

Question 58

Describe the changes in endocrine function with aging

Answer 58

- Impaired glucose tolerance - Decrease in thyrotropin release from pituitary gland causing a decrease in metabolic rate function and glucose metabolism - Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis causing menopause and andropause - Changes in adrenal cortex reducing output of DHEA - Changes in GH and insulin like growth factors causing somatopause

Question 59

Describe the changes in the pulmonary system with aging

Answer 59

- Deterioration in static and dynamic lung function | - Slowing of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

Question 60

How does training affect the changes in the pulmonary system due to aging?

Answer 60

Aerobic exercise increases gas exchange kinetics

Question 61

Describe the changes in the cardiovascular system with aging

Answer 61

``` VO2 max declines Max HR declines Max CO declines Venous compliance declines Capillary to muscle ratio declines ```

Question 62

How does regular physical activity reduce blood pressure

Answer 62

- Decreases total peripheral resistance by decreasing sympathetic activation - Alters renal function to eliminate sodium thus lowering blood volume

Question 63

What happens to ventilation in high altitude?

Answer 63

It increases

Question 64

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood at high altitude

Answer 64

It drops

Question 65

What happens to the pH of arterial blood at high altitude

Answer 65

It rises

Question 66

What happens to pulmonary resistance at high altitude?

Answer 66

it increases

Question 67

What happens to the pulmonary artery pressure at high altitude?

Answer 67

It increases

Question 68

In which direction does the O2 hemoglobin curve shift when 2,3-DPG is increased?

Answer 68

to the right

Question 69

At high altitude hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

Answer 69

Decreases

Question 70

What happens to the heart rate when altitude is increased?

Answer 70

Heart rate increases

Question 71

Describe HR, CO and arterial pressure changes at 7 days at altitude

Answer 71

HR increases a lot CO increases Arterial pressure slightly increases

Question 72

Low oxygen levels in the blood stimulates the release of what hormone from the kidney?

Answer 72

Erythropoietin

Question 73

What are the immediate physiological changes that occur at high altitude

Answer 73

Increased Ventilation | Increased HR

Question 74

What the physiological changes that occur after days at high altitude?

Answer 74

Increased hemoglobin concentration | Increased Erythropoiesis

Question 75

What are the physiological changes that occur weeks after high altitude exposure?

Answer 75

Increased capillary density Increased aerobic activity in muscle Increased mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle

Question 76

Negative effects of training at high altitude

Answer 76

Max CO decreases Max SV decreases Reduced max HR

Question 77

What is the best training regimen pertaining to altitude?

Answer 77

Live high train low

Question 78

Lowered oxygen tension due to altitude causes what in the lungs?

Answer 78

Vascular constriction of vessels

Question 79

What affect does hypoxic vasoconstriction have on the heart

Answer 79

Causes hypertrophy of right heart

Question 80

How does hypoxic vasoconstriction affect pulmonary resistance

Answer 80

Increases resistance