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Exercise Phys > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between vasculature cross sectional area and blood flow velocity?

A

As cross sectional area increases, the velocity of blood flow decreases

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2
Q

Small arteries, veins, and capillaries contain what percentage of total blood volume?

A

75%

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3
Q

Blood flow velocity in venues is ______ than in capillaries due to what?

A

higher

a decrease in cross sectional area

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4
Q

Describe how the systemic and pulmonary circulations are linked physically.

A

Systemic venous blood is deoxygenated and comes from the body. It returns the heart via the IVC SVC. Once in the RA the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the RV where the blood then goes to to the pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs. Here gas exchange occurs and blood picks up oxygen

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5
Q

Blood is ejected from the heart when ventricular pressure is ______ than atrial pressure.

A

Greater

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6
Q

What side of the body is concerned with oxygenated blood?

A

Left side

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7
Q

The resistance of a vessel ______ as the diameter decreases.

A

Increases

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8
Q

What are the levels of organization of muscle tissue

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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9
Q

The structure of a muscle fiber that contains the plasma membrane and basement membrane of muscle cell. It conducts electrochemical wave of depolarization over the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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10
Q

List 2 functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

provides integrity to muscle cell

allows depolarization to spread from outside of cell to the inside

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11
Q

The length of a sarcomere determines

A

muscle functional properties

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12
Q

What makes up a myofilament

A

actin and myosin

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13
Q

Alignment and length of muscle fiber affects _______ capacity?

A

Power and force

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14
Q

Describe characteristics of fusiform muscle fibers

A

fibers run parallel to the muscles long axis

Good for rapid muscle shortening, speed

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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of pennate muscle fibers

A

Fibers are short and run oblique to muscle long axis

Good for power movements

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16
Q

What is a benefit of degree of pennation?

A

It allows for more fibers in a short area

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17
Q

Describe the orientation of complex fusiform muscle fibers.

A

Muscle fibers run parallel to muscle lines of pull

Short fibers are packed into long muscle without compromising strength

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18
Q

Briefly describe the sequence of muscle action.

A

Action potential is generated and reaches NMJ
ACh is released from vesicles in terminal axis
ACh binds to post synaptic receptors on sarcolemma
T tubules are depolarized causing a release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium binds troponin in the myofibril, pulling on tropomyosin to make the actin binding site available
The myosin head binds to actin binding site which causes activation of myosin ATPase
Myosin ATPase splits the ATP releasing energy causing the cross bridge to move causing muscle shortening
When ATP binds cross bridge, myosin and actin dissociate

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19
Q

Describe characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers

A 
High myosin-ATPase activity
rapid Ca release and uptake
predominant in anaerobic activities 
Rely on glycolytic system for energy transfer
Rapid energy generation
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20
Q

In which type of activity would you expect to see predominantly fast twitch fibers?

A

Anaerobic activity requiring quick powerful actions

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21
Q

Which type of muscle fiber, fast or slow twitch, relies on glycolytic system ?

A

Fast twitch

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22
Q

Type 1 muscle fibers is also known as _____ twitch

A

slow

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23
Q

Which type of twitch fiber depends on oxidative metabolism?

A

Slow twitch

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24
Q

Define fatigue

A

the decline in muscle tension or force capacity with repeated stimulation

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25
Q

The force of muscle action varies by which two mechanisms?

A

an increased number of motor units

increased frequency of motor unit discharge

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26
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Sensors that are sensitive to stretch, tension and pressure and send instant relay to CNS

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27
Q

What is IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential.

Hyperpolarization of a neuron making It difficult to fire again

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28
Q

List 3 things that cause trigger points

A

Poor posture
Injuries from lifting
Strain or tear of muscle
stress

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29
Q

What are some treatments for trigger points?

A

ectrostimulation
Therapeutic Stretching Techniques Physical Therapy
Therapeutic Massage
Pulsed Ultrasound Low-Level Laser Therapy Corticosteroid injections

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30
Q

What causes myofascial pain syndrome?

A

Trigger points or knots that cause a restricted blood flow, pinched nerves, spasms and scar tissues

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31
Q

What causes tendonitis?

A

Micro-fractions in a tendon caused by forces from a muscle

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32
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow velocity and cross sectional area of vasculature?

A

As the cross sectional area increases the flow velocity decreases

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33
Q

Where in the CV system is flow velocity the lowest? Why?

A

In the capillaries , the largest total cross sectional area

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34
Q

Why does blood flow velocity increase in venues?

A

The cross sectional area of venues is smaller than that of the capillaries so the flow slightly increases

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35
Q

Describe how the cardio and pulmonary systems are physically linked.

A

Deoxygenated venous blood returns to the heart via vena cave into the right atrium then goes through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange in alveolar capillaries

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36
Q

How does reduced venous return affect cardiac output?

A

Decreases cardiac output

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37
Q

What are the effects of reduced venous return?

A

Decreased cardiac output
Reduced arterial blood pressure
Accelerated heart rate

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38
Q

Diastolic blood pressure indicates ______ resistance.

A

Peripheral

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39
Q

Define peripheral reisstance

A

The ease that blood flows from arterioles to capillaries

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40
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart per min

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41
Q

What happens to the rate of flow during strenuous exercise?

A

It increases

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42
Q

Describe the effects of changes in intrathoracic pressure on venous return, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure and heart rate.

A

An increase in intrathoracic pressure due to the Valsava maneuver closes the thoracic veins. That causes the amount of blood going back to the heart (venous return) to decrease. With a decrease in venous return there is a decrease in the amount of blood in the ventricles thus a decrease in the amount of blood ejected from the heart (cardiac output) a decrease in CO reduces the amount of blood in circulation so there is less blood that exerts force on the vessels (blood pressure) so BP decreases and HR will decrease

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43
Q

Define stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped from each ventricle

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44
Q

What is the difference between stroke volume and cardiac output?

A

SV is the amount of blood pumped from each ventricle, CO is the amount of blood pumped from the heart per min

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45
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force of circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels

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46
Q

Which branch of the nervous system causes vasodilation?

A

Parasympathetic

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47
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect cardiovascular activity?

A

Releases NE and EPI which works on muscle tissue causing vasoconstriction in vessels and increase contractility of the myocardium

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48
Q

Chemicals that increase myocardial contractility are

A

Ionotropic

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49
Q

Chemicals that accelerate SA node depolarizations are

A

Chronotropic

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50
Q

What effects do byproducts of local metabolism have on blood vessels

A

Cause vasodilation

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51
Q

What is a precapillary sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle that controls diameter of capillary

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52
Q

Define mean arterial presure

A

The average force exerted by blood against arterial walls during cardiac cycle

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53
Q

What are the effects of increased sympathetics on cardiovascular function?

A

Increased HR
Increased strength of contraction
Vasodilation of Coronary Arteries

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54
Q

What are the effects of increased parasympathetics on cardio function?

A

Decreased HR
Decreased strength of atrial contraction
Vasoconstriction of coronary arteries
Dilation of skin blood vessels

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55
Q

What is the function of Beta 1 adrenergic receptor?

A

Cardiac acceleration –receptor for EPI and NE which increase contractiity

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56
Q

What effect does EPI and NE have on myocardium

A

Increases contractility

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57
Q

Intrinsic factors regulating HR

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic NS

Circulating Catecholamines

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58
Q

List two Intrinsic factors affecting Stroke Volume

A

Stretching of myocardium (preload)

Frank Starling Curve

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59
Q

List 4 factors that contribute to the stretching of the myocardium

A

Total Blood Volume
Pumping action of skeletal muscle
Body position (supine vs upright)
Venous Tone

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60
Q

What intrinsic factors affect the contractile state of the myocardium

A

Sympathetics & parasympathetics

Circulating catecholamines

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61
Q

Describe the relationship between the magnitude of HR acceleration and physical activity.

A

As the intensity and duration of physical activity increases, the magnitude of HR acceleration increases

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62
Q

What are the three factors affecting blood pressure?

A

Cardiac Output
Peripheral Resistance
Blood Volume

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63
Q

Water _______ hormones require a carrier protein in the blood but does not need a transporter protein to enter a cell

A

Insoluble

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64
Q

Water ____ hormones do not require a carrier protein in the blood but need a transporter to enter a cell

A

Soluble

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65
Q

What are the types of neuroendocrine signaling mechanisms?

A 
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neurotransmission
Endocrine
Neurosecretory
66
Q

Describe the paracrine signaling mechanism

A

local signaling to a nearby target cell

67
Q

Describe autocrine signaling mechanism

A

Local signaling to the cell itself

68
Q

Describe endocrine signaling

A

Long distance signaling of a chemical by way of blood to reach the target cell

69
Q

Describe neurosecretory signaling.

A

The secretion of chemicals from a neurosecretory cell into the bloodstream to reach a target cell

70
Q

Describe neurotransmission signaling

A

The secretion of chemicals or signals from a neuron to a synapse. Local signaling

71
Q

List the four factors that influence hormone concentration

A

The amount of hormone made by host gland
The rate of catabolism or secretion of hormone into the blood
The amount of transport proteins present
Plasma volume changes

72
Q

How does the rate of hormone catabolism affect hormone concentration?

A

The rate at which a hormone is inactivated by kidneys and liver will determine how much hormone is left in the blood

73
Q

How does exercise affect the hormone concentration

A

During exercise blood flow to the splanchnic arteries and renal arteries is restricted so the catabolism of hormone is decreased so the plasma concentration of hormone increases

74
Q

How does plasma volume during exercise affect hormone concentration?

A

During exercise water is lost via sweat so the plasma volume of water decreases leaving a high concentration of hormone behind.

75
Q

What determines the amount of hormone made by a host gland?

A

The magnitude of chemical stimulants or inhibitory chemicals

76
Q

Define hormonal endocrine gland stimulation.

A

Hormone secretion that stimulates the release of other hormones

77
Q

Define Humoral endocrine gland stimulation.

A

Changes in levels of ions and nutrients in blood that simulates hormone release

78
Q

Give an example of humoral endocrine gland stimulation

A

An increase in glucose (nutrient) stimulates the pancreas (endocrine gland) to release inulin (hormone) which will allow tissues to absorb glucose resulting in a decrease in blood glucose

79
Q

Define neural endocrine gland stimulation

A

neural activity that stimulates hormone release

80
Q

Sympathetic neural activation of the adrenal medulla to release EPI and NE is an example of ________ endocrine gland stimulation

A

Neural

81
Q

What are the three types of endocrine gland stimulation?

A

Hormonal
Humoral
Neural

82
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
Endorphins
(FLATPEG)
83
Q

List the hormone producing cells in the anterior pituitary

A 
Somatotrophs 
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs 
Lactotrophs
Corticotrophs
84
Q

What hormones do Somatotrophs make?

A

GH

85
Q

What hormones do thyrotrophs make?

A

TSH

86
Q

What hormones do Gonadotrophs make?

A

LH

FSH

87
Q

What hormones do Lactotrophs produce?

A

PRL

88
Q

What hormones do Corticotrophs make?

A

ACTH

89
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

90
Q

What regulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropin hormone?

A 
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
91
Q

What regulates the secretion of GH?

A

GHRH

92
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

controls the production and secretion

of cortisol and other glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland

93
Q

What is the function of GH

A

promote synthesis & secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) (somatomedins) by liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone cells

94
Q

ACTH release is induced by

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone
stress-related stimuli (low blood glucose or physical trauma)
interleukin-1 (macrophages)

95
Q

ACTH release is induced by

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone
stress-related stimuli (low blood glucose or physical trauma)
interleukin-1 (macrophages)

96
Q

Low blood glucose will stimulate the release of what hormone?

A

ACTH

97
Q

What inhibit ACTH secretion?

A

Cortisol

ACTH

98
Q

List the effects of ACTH

A

Regulate output of cortisol & aldosterone
Enhance FA mobilization from adipose
Increase gluconeogenesis
stimulate protein synthesis

99
Q

What is the target of ATCH

A

the adrenal cortex

100
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex and how are they stimulated

A

Glucocorticcoids (cortisol) & Mineral Corticoids (ADH) & Androgens,
ATCH

101
Q

What is the function of TSH

A

maintain growth and development of the thyroid gland

102
Q

TSH controls the secretion of what hormone?

A

Thyroid Hormone

103
Q

TSH secretion to control thyroid hormone secretion is an example of what type of endocrine gland secretion ?

A

Hormonal

104
Q

What is the stimulus for TSH release?

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

105
Q

What inhibits TRH?

A

High levels of T3 and T4

106
Q

What part of the posterior pituitary produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin.

A

Supraoptic nucleus

107
Q

What part of the posterior pituitary produces oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

108
Q

What is the target of PTH

A

bone
kidney
small intestines

109
Q

What is the role of PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

To raise blood calcium levels

110
Q

Which thyroid hormone raises metabolism of all cells except in
the brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland

A

T4

111
Q

Which thyroid hormone helps neural reflex activity

A

T3

112
Q

Which hormone activates osteoclasts to digest bone causing a release of calcium into the blood?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

113
Q

Which hormone enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and intestines?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

114
Q

What does vasopressin do

A

decreases urine production
Causes kidneys to return more water to the blood
Induces sweating & constriction of arterioles (increases blood pressure)

115
Q

What induces ADH secretion

A

blood osmotic pressure & blood volume

116
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Alcohol

117
Q

The thyroid gland secretes ____, ______, and ______

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

118
Q

T/F T3 and T4 are lipid soluble and can diffuse across the membrane but need a carrier protein in the blood

A

True

119
Q

Low blood levels of T3 and T4, conditions that increase ATP demand, or low
metabolic rate stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete

A

TRH

120
Q

TRH acts on what gland to produce what hormone

A

Anterior pituitary

TSH

121
Q

How does ADH limit large urine production?

A

Stimulates water reabsorption

122
Q

Calcitonin is produced from what gland, what cells?

A

Thyroid, parafollicular cells

123
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

lower blood calcium

124
Q

What cells secrete parathyroid hormone

A

principle cells

125
Q

What are the 6 actions of thyroid hormones?

A

Increase basic metabolic rate–increase oxygen consumption
Calorigenic effect – stimulate the synthesis of Na+/K+ ATPase
Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP synthesis – stimulates protein synthesis – increases lipolysis & enhances cholesterol excretion
Enhance catecholamine action
Growth and development
Nervous System
MAKE MORE ATP

126
Q

How do thyroid hormones enhance catecholamine action?

A

Upregulate Beta receptors for NE and EPI increasing HR and BP

127
Q

T/F: Increasing Cardiac Output increases blood pressure

A

True

128
Q

Describe the control of thyroid hormone secretion

A

Low levels of T3, T4 and calcitonin triggers the hypothalamus to secrete TRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone.
High levels of thyroid hormone inhibits TRH secretion thus inhibiting TSH

129
Q

Describe how calcitonin and PTH play a role in calcium homeostasis.

A

An decreased level of blood calcium causes the release of PTH which will cause an increase in blood calcium by various mechanisms.
When blood calcium is high calcitonin is secreted to decrease the levels to a normal state

130
Q

How does calcitonin regulate blood calcium levels?

A

Lowers blood calcium levels by:
reducing Ca uptake by kidneys
store calcium in bone

131
Q

The catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla that stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

132
Q

The adrenal hormone that provides powerful lipolytic stimulation in adipose

A

Norepinephrine

133
Q

T/F Exercise is a potent stimulator for ADH release

A

True

134
Q

T/F ADH causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood

A

True

135
Q

T/F EPI levels remain unchanged until about 60% VO2 Max

A

True

136
Q

Is cortisol a protagonist or antagonist to insulin?

A

Antagonist

137
Q

How is cortisol an antagonist to insulin?

A

It inhibits cellular glucose uptake and oxidation

138
Q

What type of adrenal hormone is aldosterone?

A

mineralcorticoid

139
Q

Mineralcorticoids regulate

A

salts, sodium and potassium in the ECF

140
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

control total Na concentration and ECF volume
stimulates Na reabsorption in kidneys
Stabilize serum potassium and pH

141
Q

What does cortisol do?

A 
promote breakdown of protein to AAs
Support action of other hormones
Inhibit cellular glucose uptake and oxidation
promote TAG breakdown 
Suppress immune system function 
produce negative calcium balance
142
Q

Which hormone suppresses immune system function ?

A

Cortisol

143
Q

Describe how cortisol is released

A

Stimulants like stress infection hypoglycemia and infection stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete CRH making the anterior pituitary secrete ACTH making the adrenal cortex to secrete coritsol

144
Q

How do glucocorticoids have an anti-inflammatory effect?

A

Inhibit WBCS

145
Q

What layer of the adrenall gland produces androgens?

A

Zona reticular

146
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of androgens?

A

ACTH

147
Q

What class of adrenal hormones stimulate male and female sex organs to grow and secrete hormones faster?

A

Gonadotripic hormones

148
Q

What inhibits FSH

A

Estrogen, testosterone

149
Q

What are the gonadotropic hormones?

A

LH and FSH

150
Q

What is the function of PRL

A

Initiates and maintains milk secretion

by mammary glands (in conjunction with estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, hGH, T4, and insulin)

151
Q

What is the function of LH

A

riggers ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum & induces its release of progesterone; FSH plus LH stimulate secretion of estrogen from ovarian cells (preparation of uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum & mammary glands for secretion)

152
Q

What cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cell

153
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

154
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin ?

A

Delta cells

155
Q

What cell secrete pancreatic polypeptide?

A

F (PP) cells

156
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by the liver and increases lipid catabolism

157
Q

What controls glucagon output?

A

Low glucose levels

158
Q

What controls insulin output?

A

High glucose levels

159
Q

What does insulin do?

A

control glucose uptake and reduces blood glucose concentration

160
Q

What effect does increased insulin secretion have on adipose tissue?

A

Increase FA and TAG synthesis

decrease Lipolysis

161
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

162
Q

Low blood glucose stimulates glucagon secretion from what cells?

A

Alpha

Exercise Phys (4 decks)

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