Exam 3 Flashcards
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Tertiary bronchi
- Trachea
- Pharynx
respiratory bronchioles
A very high heart rate is referred to as
- bradycardia
- tachycardia
- bradybunching
- cardyoutputing
tachycardia
If TPR or total peripheral resistance rises we would expect that cardiac output would
- decrease
- increase
- not change
decrease
Respiratory control centers are located in the
- midbrain and medulla
- medulla and pons
- pons and cerebral cortex
medulla and pons
A statin drug such as lipitor is expected to
- Lower the level of LDL cholesterol
- Raise the level of LDL cholesterol
- Lower the level of HDL cholesterol
lower to the level of LDL cholesterol
Which would make the oxygen hemoglobin curve shift right?
- increased H+ concentration
- increased pH
- decreased temperature
- decreased CO2
- None of the answers are correct.
increased H+ concentration
It is possible to attach up to ______ O2 molecules to each hemoglobin molecule.
4
In very vigorous exercise cardiac output
- will rise to higher levels
- will decrease to allow greater blood flow to the muscles
- usually remains the same but heart rate rises
will rise to higher levels
The primary function of the proximal tubule is
- filtration.
- reabsorption of ions, some organic molecules, and water.
- secretion of acids and ammonia.
- secretion of drugs.
- adjusting the urine volume.
reabsorption of ions, some organic molecules, and water.
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
- loss of oxygen in the tissues
- increase in blood CO2
- blood become more basic
- blood becoming more acidic
increase in blood CO2
Angioplasty refers to a procedure to:
- open up a blood vessel using a catheter with a balloon
- create a bypass of clogged blood vessels
- relieve the symptoms of asthma
open up a blood vessel using a catheter with a balloon
Hypotension refers to:
- “a heart attack”
- a pulmonary disorder
- low blood pressure
- high blood pressure
low blood pressure
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to
- decrease the temperature of the plasma.
- increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
- decrease the partial pressure of nitrogen.
- increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs.
- decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
decrease the temperature of the plasma.
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
- only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
- about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
- greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
- not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. *nephron loop *glomerular filtration membrane *collecting duct *distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli
producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
*pneumonia
*atherosclerosis
*emphysema
emphysema
Which kidney process is always active and always requires energy to occur?
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
- excretion
secretion
The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. *renal threshold *renal capsule *renal cap *renal tipover
renal threshold
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
- osmosis
- diffusion
- filtration
- active transport
diffusion
Blood pressure determinations makes use of sounds named after:
- Korotkoff
- Frank
- Starling
- Bernard
Korotkoff
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
- the Bohr effect
- chloride shifting
- release of hydrogen ion
chloride shifting
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________
- decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Asthma is a condition where
- pulmonary blood flow stops
- a goal of treatment is to constrict the airways
- excessive cholesterol is found in the blood
- excessive mucous production is commonly seen
excessive mucous production is commonly seen
White coat hypertension refers to
- temporary high blood pressure when in a health care office
- high blood pressure due to tight fitting garments
- high blood pressure due to taking medicine
temporary high blood pressure when in a health care office
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid
in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
*be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
*be actively secreted into the filtrate
*be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport
*appear in the urine
appear in the urine
A rightward shift in the dissociation curves means that hemoglobin has\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ affinity for oxygen. *lower *higher *no change in
lower
Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?
- portal system
- arterial shunts
- vascular sinuses
- veins containing highly oxygenated blood
portal system
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
- too little protein in the diet
- high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues
- damage to the filtration membrane
- damage to the renal tubules
damage to the filtration membrane
Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
- nephron
- glomerulus
- alveolus
- tubule
nephron
Which is NOT a typical function of the kidneys?
- regulation of extracellular fluid volume
- maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
- regulation of blood protein levels
- regulation of blood osmolarity
- homeostatic regulation of blood pH
regulation of blood protein levels
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low
to a high altitude because the ________
*temperature is lower at higher altitudes
*concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
*concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
As EDV increases the Cardiac output typically
- does not change
- goes up
- goes down
goes up
Death of heart muscle cells is called :
- angioplasty
- clotting
- infarction
- reduction
infarction
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with
each breath. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is DECREASED and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis
of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
FALSE
A typical resting Cardiac output is ______ liters/minute:
five
Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration
membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.
*increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane
*decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration
*increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of
filtration
*no change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration
increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of
filtration
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
*It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers of the lung that were
stretched during inspiration
*it is driven by the levels of blood oxygen
*it requires the contraction of abdominal muscles
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers of the lung that were
stretched during inspiration
Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest? *healthy lungs *obstructive pulmonary disease *restrictive pulmonary disease
restrictive pulmonary disease
The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- chloride ions
- BPG (2,3,DPG)
oxygen
Lymph vessels collect approximately _____ liters of fluid and return it to the cardiovascular
system each day.
three
As blood moves down a capillary toward the venous side typically one force does not change
significantly. It is the:
* hydrostatic pressure inside the vessel
* osmotic force in the capillary
* amount of fluid leaving the vessel
osmotic force in the capillary
One way to paraphrase the Frank-Staling Law of the Heart is:
- the heart pumps what it gets
- the heart doesn’t pump forever
- the heart cries out when it is clogged with plaque
- hearts pump up and pump down
the heart pumps what it gets
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
- Boyle’s Law
- Henry’s Law
- Charles’ law
- Dalton’s law
Boyle’s Law
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
- pulmonary ventilation
- gas exchange
- internal respiration
- external respiration
pulmonary ventilation
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for
example strenuous running?
*diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
*internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
*external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
*diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Laminar flow in a blood vessel will lead to:
- quiet with no sound
- noise with an audible sound
quiet with no sound
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.
- Vasa recta
- Efferent arterioles
- Afferent arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries
- Glomerulus
Glomerulus
In the kidney the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels that leads to
preservation of the osmotic gradient is called:
*reflux regurgitation
*countercurrent multiplication
*countercurrent exchange
*influx regurgitation
countercurrent exchange
Cardiac output may be represented by:
- Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
- Heart Rate X blood pressure
- Heart Rate divided by Blood Pressure
- None of the other choices listed is correct
Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
Blood vessels loose fluid to their surroundings which becomes
- a blood clot
- tissue fluid
- full of protein
a blood clot
TV + IRV + ERV.= Which of the following answers?
- vital capacity
- expiratory reserve volume
- tidal capacity
- total lung volume
vital capacity
The osmolarity in the bottom of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM.
1200
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule
- Vasa recta
- Efferent arterioles
- Afferent arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries
Afferent arterioles
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
- less than the pressure in the atmosphere
- greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
- equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
- grater than the intra-alveolar pressure
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that
there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
*humidifying the air before it enters the lung
*warming the air before it enters the lungs
*interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface
tension of alveolar fluid
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface
tension of alveolar fluid
How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
- as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
- as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
- as carbonic acid in the plasma
- chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
The statement, “in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of
gases in the mixture” paraphrases ________.
*Boyle’s Law
*Henry’s Law
*Charles’ law
*Dalton’s law
Dalton’s law
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example during vigorous exercise
- diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
- internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
- external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
- diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
A leftward shift in the dissociation curves means that hemoglobin has\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ affinity for oxygen. *lower *no change in *higher
lower
If one humidifies the air from 0% to 100% the PO2 of that air :
- goes up
- goes down
- stays the same
goes down
