Cardiac (Exam 3)

Question 1

What is systolic and diastolic bp?

Answer 1

systolic: how much pressure blood exerts against the artery walls when LV is beating/ contracting.
diastolic: how much pressure blood exerts against the artery walls when LV is resting/ relaxed.

Question 2

what is mean arterial pressure

Answer 2

average pressure in arteries during cardiac cycle

Question 3

What factors affect MAP

Answer 3

blood volume, effectiveness of heart as a pump (cardiac output)), resistance of the system to blood flow, relative distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels.

Question 4

What kind of pressure do venous blood vessels have?

Answer 4

low

Question 5

What determines blood volume?

Answer 5

fluid intake

fluid loss: could be passive or regulated at kidneys

Question 6

What determines the effectiveness of the heart as a pump (cardiac output)

Answer 6

the heart rate and stroke volume

Question 7

What determines the resistance of the system to blood flow

Answer 7

The diameter of the arterioles

Question 8

What determines the distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels

Answer 8

the diameter of the veins

Question 9

What 2 organ systems influence blood volume

Answer 9

Nervous and renal

Question 10

What are the fast and slow responses of raised blood pressure

Answer 10

fast: compensation by cardiovascular system
slow: compensation by kidneys

Question 11

How does the cardiovascular system compensate for high bp

Answer 11

it causes vasodilation or opening of blood vessels and lowers cardiac output, allowing the bp to go back down to normal

Question 12

How do the kidneys compensate for high bp?

Answer 12

it causes more excretion of fluid in urine causing the blood volume to lower, bringing bp back down to normal

Question 13

What makes blood volume go up and how does it affect bp

Answer 13

blood volume can go up if a diet has too much salt in it, causing bp to increase

Question 14

How does cardiac output affect bp

Answer 14

by changing the amount of blood in the arteries, if cardiac output goes up, bp goes up

Question 15

How does vessel length affect bp

Answer 15

the longer the vessel, the less resistance which lets bp stay down

Question 16

How does vessel diameter affect bp

Answer 16

if diameter is small, resistance increase and bp goes up. if diameter larger resistance decreases and bp goes down

Question 17

What blood born substances cause vasoconstriction? And what controls the levels of these substances

Answer 17

epinephrine and norepinephrine. sympathetic nervous system

Question 18

How does resistance in the arterioles affect the body

Answer 18

affects mean arterial pressure and determines the relative blood flow to the organs

Question 19

What are the systemic controls that affect blood distribution

Answer 19

hormones or nervous signals

Question 20

What directs blood by local control

Answer 20

pre-capillary sphincters

Question 21

What is the systemic control of vessels

Answer 21

the brain and endocrine system

Question 22

Where does blood flow if the precapillary sphincters are relaxed

Answer 22

all the capillaries in the bed

Question 23

Where does blood flow if the precapillary sphincters are constricted?

Answer 23

the metarterioles, the arteriole and the venule

Question 24

Where are the capillaries

Answer 24

in the endothelium

Question 25

What are the 2 types of capillaries

Answer 25

continuous and fenestrated

Question 26

What are the characteristics of the 2 types of capillaries

Answer 26

continuous: low permeability, leaky junctions
fenestrated: high permeability, large pores

Question 27

Where are the 2 types of capillaries found

Answer 27

continuous: muscle, connective tissue, neural tissue
fenestrated: kidney and intestine

Question 28

What are the 3 ways something can move across a capillary

Answer 28

difussion, transcytosis, cell junctions

Question 29

What stays in, moves out of and moves into the capillaries through diffusion

Answer 29

stay: proteins
out: water, O2, glucose
in: CO2, nitric waste, water

Question 30

How does most capillary exchange happen?

Answer 30

diffusion and transcytosis

Question 31

What is it called when bulk flow does into the capillary? out?

Answer 31

in: absorption
out: filtration

Question 32

What is the net average of fluid that filters out of the capillaries? where does it go?

Answer 32

3, lymph vessels then returns to circulation

Question 33

When there is net absorption where does the fluid go?

Answer 33

the venules

Question 34

When there is net filtration where does the fluid go?

Answer 34

the lymph vessels or it can be reabsorbed

Question 35

At the entrance of the capillary is the net pressure positive or negative? at the end of the capillary

Answer 35

entrance: net positive, filtration
end: net negative, absorption

Question 36

What factors affect bp reading

Answer 36

rate of cuff deflation, diurnal rhythm, posture