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Physiology > Exam 2 my Qs > Flashcards

Exam 2 my Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of signal is contact dependent needs direct surface contact, signal chemical may use CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

A

local

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2
Q

What 2 categories do gap junctions fall under

A

local and electrical

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3
Q

what kind of communication is distant diffuse, hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into blood, only target cells with receptors for hormone respond to the signal

A

endocrine

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4
Q

What kind of hormone is secreted by a neuron and diffuses across blood

A

neurohormone

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5
Q

What kind of filaments make the H band/ zone

A

only thick, no overlap

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6
Q

What is the latent period

A

The delay between the muscle AP and beginning of muscle tension. Time needed for Ca calcium release and binding to troponin.

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7
Q

What is a multiunit smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle in which cells are not linked electrically and each muscle fiber is controlled individually

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8
Q

What does nebulin do

A

inelastic giant protein that aligns filaments of sarcomere

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9
Q

What is phosphocreatine

A

muscle molecule that stores energy in high energy phosphate bonds

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10
Q

What is ryanodine receptor channel, where is it

A

ca calcium release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum in striated skeletal muscles

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11
Q

What is a single unit smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle fibers that are electrically coupled by numerous gap junctions

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12
Q

What does titin do?

A

maintains spatial structure of myofibrils

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13
Q

What does tropomyosin do?

A

blocks the myosin binding site on actin

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14
Q

Troponin

A

complex of 3 proteins associated with tropomyosin, binds to Ca calcium controls action of tropomyosin

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15
Q

What is a z disk

A

sarcomere proteins where actin filaments attach

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16
Q

What is a muscle twitch

A

single contraction/ relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber

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17
Q

What is an isotonic contraction

A

creates force without movement

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18
Q

What is an isometric contraction

A

creates force and moves a load

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19
Q

DHP receptor

A

voltage sensing receptors in t tubules that are liked to ca calcium channels skeletal contraction

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20
Q

creatine kinase

A

enzyme that transfers a high energy phosphate group from phosphocreatine to ADP

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21
Q

calmodulin

A

intracellular 2nd messenger that binds ca calcium

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22
Q

What is the A band

A

striated muscle sarcomere whose length equals that of a thick filament

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23
Q

What causes acetylcholine to be released into synaptic cleft?

A

action potential arrives at axon terminal

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24
Q

What ions enter and exit the motor end plate after an AP

A

Na in, small amount of K out

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25
Q

What causes local depolarization of the motor end plate

A

ion exchange once channels open

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26
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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27
Q

Where do Ca calcium ions go after AP

A

released into cytosol

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28
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of muscles

A

excitability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

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29
Q

Where are skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles located

A

skeletal: attached to bones, a few sphincters close off hollow organs
smooth: form walls of hollow organs and tubes some sphincters
Cardiac: heart

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30
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types does not have sarcomeres?

A

smooth

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31
Q

which of the 3 muscle types is not striated

A

smooth

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32
Q

What fiber proteins are in skeletal muscle

A

action, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin

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33
Q

What fiber proteins are in smooth muscle

A

actin, myosin and tropomyosin

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34
Q

What fiber proteins are in cardiac muscle

A

action, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin

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35
Q

What fiber protein does smooth muscles lack that the other two have?

A

troponin

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36
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types is multinucleate

A

skeletal

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37
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types has short branching fibers

A

cardiac

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38
Q

What controls skeletal muscle, fibers and where is ca from

A

ca and troponin
fibers are independent
ca from SR

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39
Q

What controls smooth muscle

A

ca and calmodulin
some electrically linked (gap junctions) others independent
Ca from ECF and SR
calcium

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40
Q

What controls cardiac muscle

A

Ca and troponin
fibers electrically linked gap junctions
ca from ECF and SR
calcium

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41
Q

What type of muscle is not controlled by troponin?

A

smooth

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42
Q

What type of muscle has only independently functioning fibers

A

skeletal

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43
Q

What type of muscle gets Ca from SR only

A

skeletal

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44
Q

What type of muscle can be independent or electrically linked in its fibers?

A

smooth

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45
Q

What type of muscle does not have graded force of a single fiber twitch

A

skeletal

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46
Q

What initiates the contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine

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47
Q

What initiates the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

stretches, chemical signals from pacemaker cells. sometimes autorythmic

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48
Q

What causes cardiac muscle to contract?

A

it is autorythmic

49
Q

What kind of neuron controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic

50
Q

What kind of neuron controls cardiac and smooth muscle

A

autonomic

51
Q

What hormone influences the contraction of cardiac muscle

A

epinephrine

52
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

PNS glial cells

53
Q

What glial cell is nonmyelinating

A

satellite

54
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

branched CNS glial cells that communicate with gap junctions

55
Q

What are microglia

A

immune cells in the CNS, remove damaged cells and foreign invaders.

56
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

create selectively permeable epithelial layer separates fluid from CNS

57
Q

Where is Ca stored in the myofibril

A

in the terminal cisternae

58
Q

What are the non elastic and elastic stabilizers in actin (thin)

A

nebulin non elastic

titin elastic

59
Q

What creates the light and dark regions in banding patterns

A 
A dark (thick filaments)
I light (thin filaments)
60
Q

What are the 3 phases of contraction

A

latent, contraction, relaxation

61
Q

What ion enters through Ach receptor channel and initiates an AP

A

Na, sodium

62
Q

What alters the conformation of DHP receptor

A

AP in t-tubule

63
Q

What does DHP receptor open?

A

Ryr Ca, calcium release channels in SR

64
Q

What ion binds to troponin to start actin myosin binding?

A

Ca, calcium

65
Q

How does Ca get back into SR

A

Ca ATPase pumps it back in

66
Q

What causes troponin to release calcium

A

decrease in free cytosolic ca

67
Q

When can the power stroke begin?

A

when tropomyosin moves off banding site

68
Q

What is released during the power stroke?

A

ADP

69
Q

What causes tension in skeletal muscle

A

fatigue, fiber length, previous contractions rate of stimulation, thickness of fibers

70
Q

What type of twitch fiber is fast but fatigues easily

A

fast twitch white

71
Q

What type of twitch fiber has moderate Ca ATPase activity

A

slow twitch

72
Q

What type of twitch fiber has the longest contraction period

A

slow twitch

73
Q

What type of twitch fiber can become more oxidative with endurance training

A

fast twitch red

74
Q

What type of twitch fiber uses aerobic oxidative metabolism

A

slow twitch

75
Q

Put twitch fibers in order of capillary density

A

high: slow twitch
medium: fast twitch red
Low: fast twitch white

76
Q

What type of twitch fiber has numerous mitochondria

A

slow twitch

77
Q

What makes fast twitch glycolytic white muscle white?

A

the low capillary density

78
Q

What colors are the 3 twitch fibers

A

slow: dark red
fast oxidative glycolytic: red
fast twitch glycolytic: white

79
Q

put twitch fibers in order of diameter size

A

slow: small
fast twitch red: medium
fast twitch white: large

80
Q

What type of twitch fiber has slow myosin ATPase activity

A

slow twitch

81
Q

What type of muscle has torpedo shaped cells

A

smooth

82
Q

What are the differences between smooth and skeletal muscle

A

smooth has longer actin and myosin, more actin, no sarcomere arrangement less endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

What is the major role of smooth muscle ?

A

homeostatic: control fluid flow, sphincters, tonic contractions

84
Q

What does the contractile response of a multi unit smooth muscles depend on?

A

number of fibers stimulated

85
Q

What signals the contraction of smooth muscle

A

cytosolic ca calcium

86
Q

What does calcium bind to in smooth muscle contraction

A

CAM calmodulin

87
Q

what does the ca-calmodulin complex activate

A

myosin light chain kinase (smooth muscle only)

88
Q

What does MLCK myosin light chain kinase do?

A

phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads and increases myosin ATPase activity, smooth muscle

89
Q

What is the first step in smooth muscle relaxation

A

removal of ca from cytosol

90
Q

What causes muscular dystrophy

A

mutation on x chromosome

91
Q

What test diagnosis muscular dystrophy

A

creatine kinase

92
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

abnormal fatigue in muscle, antibody against acetylcholine receptors.

93
Q

how is myasthenia gravis treated?

A

Ach esterase inhibitors, removal of thymus gland

94
Q

What helps avoid tearing in cardiac muscle?

A

desmosomes in intercalated disks

95
Q

What restrains the heart valves

A

chordae tendineae and papillar muscles

96
Q

What prevents blood from flowing backwards?

A

semilunar valves

97
Q

What are the 2 blood flow circuits?

A

pulmonary and systemic

98
Q

What are the components of pulmonary circuit

A

RA and RV to (deoxy) from (oxy) lungs

99
Q

What are the components of systemic circuit

A

LA LV vessels to from body except lung

100
Q

Blood flow pressure in order of most to least

A

aorta–> arteries–> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> vena cavae

101
Q

What happens to pressure as blood moves across a vessel

A

pressure drops when fluid is flowing

102
Q

What kind of pressure does the movement of blood depend on?

A

pressure difference, not absolute

103
Q

what makes flow faster

A

the narrower the vessel, the faster if flow is constant

104
Q

Where does an Ap in cardiac muscle contraction come from

A

adjacent cell

105
Q

What happens to Ca after Ap in cardiac contraction

A

back into SR or exchanged with Na by NCX antiporter

106
Q

How is sodium gradient maintained in cardiac contraction

A

na-k-atpase

107
Q

What causes tension in cardiac muscle

A

calcium levels in cytoplasm

muscle length at start of contraction as muscle stretches, more force created

108
Q

Who is more flexible skeletal or cardiac muscle

A

cardiac

109
Q

What percentage of cardiac muscles are contractile and how many are autorythmic

A

contractile: 99%

autorythmic (pacemakers) 1%

110
Q

During AP in pacemaker

A

Net Na in (if opens) –> Ca in (if close) –> Ca in –> K out –> if open k channel closed funny

111
Q

The cardiac cycle between contraction and relaxation: 1) Late Diastole

A

both sets of chambers are relaxed and fill passively

a. Atrial diastole
b. Ventricular diastole
c. Blood moves from A into V because AV valves are open

112
Q

2) Atrial systole

A

atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles

a. Heart sound 1
b. Atria contract add 20% more blood to ventricles
c. Atrial systole
d. Ventricular diastole

113
Q

3) Isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

a. First phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves.
b. Max blood volume in ventricles = end diastolic volume (EDV)
c. AV valve closes (lub sound), builds pressure allows valve to open later
d. Valves between A and V are closed to avoid backward flow
e. Ventricular systole
f. Atrial diastole

114
Q

4) Ventricular ejection

A

a. As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected
b. Open because pressure in V will be greater than the pressure in blood vessels, pulmonic trunk and aorta
c. Heart sound 2
d. Ventricular diastole starts again

115
Q

5) Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

a. As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles falls
b. Blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them closed
c. AV valves open allowing blood back in, restarting cycle
d. Minimum blood in ventricles = end systolic volume (ESV)

116
Q

Time in cardiac cycle

A

o Time for complete cycle depends on heart rate
o Rate = 60 beats ( 1 min 60 s) = 1 s per complete beat cycle
o Rate = 75 beats ( 1 min = 0.8 s/ beat cycle)
o Ventricles in diastole 0.5 sec
o In systole 0.3 s
o Total 0.8 s

117
Q

cardiac output

A

blood pumped per ventricle per unit time

118
Q

P wave
QRS
T wave

A

P: atrial depolarization
QRS: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T: ventricular repolarization

119
Q

stroke volume

A

blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction

Physiology (4 decks)

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