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Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following can play a role in increasing the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria?

  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Vertical gene transfer
  • Both horizontal and vertical gene transfer
A

Both horizontal and vertical gene transfer

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2
Q

Antibiotic resistance is not caused by exposure to an antibiotic but can arise as a result of a mutation or acquisition of a drug resistance gene through horizontal gene transfer or vertical gene transfer

  • True
  • False
A

True

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3
Q

The unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibiotics has caused problems for the treatment of infectious disease because increased exposure to antibiotics…

A. Causes people to become resistant to these drugs
B. Favors those bacterial mutants that happen to be drug resistant, thereby increasing the frequency of drug resistance genes
C. Causes bacteria to mutate into resistant forms
D. Causes horizontal gene transfer to occur

A

B

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4
Q

Mutations can be the result of which of the following?

A. Changes introduced during DNA repair
B. The incorporation of a rare tautomeric form of nucleic acid bases during DNA replication
C. Recombination events that occur to fix gaps in the DNA or that follow a horizontal gene transfer event
D. Exposure to radiant energy (e.g. X-rays, UV light)
E. Exposure to chemicals that distort the physical or chemical structure of the DNA or that mimic nucleic acid bases (e.g. ethidium bromide, 5-bromouracil)
F. Mistakes made during DNA replication

A

A, B, C, D, E, F

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5
Q

Mutations always result in…

  • Changes in the DNA sequence
  • Changes in protein sequence
  • Changes in both the DNA and the protein sequence
A

Changes in the DNA sequence

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6
Q

Which of the following repair mechanisms is never responsible for introducing a mutation?

  • Excision repair
  • Proofreading
  • Photoreactivation
A

Photoreactivation

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7
Q

If an error in DNA replication changes the gene sequence ATA (codon UAU) to ATT (codon UAA), the gene product is converted from the amino acid into a stop codon. Such a change is an example of

  • Frameshift mutation
  • Silent mutation
  • Nonsense mutation
  • Missense mutation
A

Nonsense mutation

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8
Q

When lysogeny is established, the integration of the genome of a temperate phage into the bacterial chromosome of an infected host cell is an example of…

  • Transduction
  • Transformation
  • Conjugation
  • Transposition
  • Homologous recombination
A

Transposition

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9
Q

Some plasmids are episomes. This means that they can…

A. Encode toxins which contribute to the virulence of bacterial pathogens
B. Carry out drug resistance genes
C. Can exist and replicate independently of, or integrate into, the chromosome of the bacterial cell
D. Encode sex pili and contain other genes necessary for conjugation
E. Have an independent origin or replication

A

A

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10
Q

Which of the following always results in the generation of a recombinant DNA molecule?

  • Transduction
  • Transposition
  • Conjugation
  • All of the above
A

Transposition

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11
Q

What kind of recombination even occurs in recombinational repair?

  • Homologous recombination
  • Site-specific recombination
A

Homologous recombination

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12
Q

Bacterial chromosomal genes can spread through a bacterial population because of either horizontal gene transfer or vertical gene transfer

  • True
  • False
A

True

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13
Q 
Which of the following repair mechanisms involve the action of exonuclease?
A.	Proofreading
B.	Mismatch repair
C.	Recombinational repair
D.	Excision repair
E.	Photoreactivation
A

A, B

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14
Q

An Hfr cell (strain) serves as a donor during conjugation. For the conjugation to result in a successful (stable) horizontal gene transfer and given the nature of the DNA transferred from the donor cell into the recipient cell, which of the following must be true?

A. The DNA transferred from the donor cell can function as a mobile DNA element and integrate into the recipient cell’s chromosome via site-specific recombination
B. Horizontal gene transfer is followed by a homologous recombination event in which the fragment of the donor cell chromosomal DNA comes to be incorporated into the recipient cell’s chromosome
C. The DNA transferred from the donor cell remains independent of the recipient cell’s chromosome and is replicated by the recipient cell’s DNA polymerase because the transferred DNA is a replicon

A

B

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15
Q

Which of the following bacterial cells (strains) acting as donors during conjugation can play a role in transferring chromosomal DNA from the donor cell to the recipient cell?

A. F-
B. F+
C. F’
D. Hfr

A

C, D

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16
Q

An Hfr cell (strain) serves as a donor during conjugation. Assuming the conjugation results in a successful (stable) horizontal gene transfer, what is the correct designation of the recipient cell (strain) following the conclusion of the gene transfer event?

  • F-
  • F+
  • Hfr
  • F’
A

F-

17
Q

An F plasmid (F factor) integrates into a bacterial cell’s chromosome. The resulting cell (and the strain that arises from it) is most accurately identified as…

  • F+
  • Hfr
  • F’
  • F-
A

Hfr

18
Q

Which of the following can be responsible for the transfer of bacterial chromosomal DNA from one mature bacterial cell to another?

A.	Transformation, transduction, and conjugation
B.	Transformation and transduction, only
C.	Transduction and conjugation, only
D.	Conjugation and transformation, only
E.	Conjugation, only
F.	Transformation, only
G.	Transduction, only
A

A

19
Q

Pili and direct cell-to-cell contact are always required for which of the following?

A. Conjugation
B. Transposition
C. Transduction
D. Transformation

A

A

20
Q

Horizontal gene transfer events in bacteria always cause genetic changes in the environment
• True
• False

A

False

21
Q

Which of the following are required for transformation?

A.	Free DNA
B.	Bacteriophage
C.	Conjugative plasmid
D.	Competent cells
E.	Sex pili
A

A, D

22
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that involves viruses?

  • Transcription
  • Transformation
  • Transposition
  • Transduction
  • Conjugation
A

Transduction

23
Q

Identify all the proteins below that are involved in mismatch repair

A.	Uvr A, Uvr B, Uvr C, and UvrD proteins
B.	Rec A
C.	DNA polymerase I
D.	Mut H, Mut L, Mut S proteins
E.	DNA ligase
A

C, D, E

24
Q

Virulent phage can be involved in this(these) type(s) of transduction
A. Both generalized and specialized transduction
B. Specialized transduction only
C. Generalized transduction only

A

C

25
Q

Any part of the donor cell’s bacterial chromosome can be transferred by this/these mechanism(s)
A. Both generalized and specialized transduction
B. Specialized transduction only
C. Generalized transduction only

A

C

26
Q

These kinds of transduction events occur only after a temperate phage has established lysogeny in the bacterial host cell
A. Both generalized and specialized transduction
B. Specialized transduction only
C. Generalized transduction only

A

B

27
Q

Both homologous recombination and site-specific recombination are potential mechanisms whereby chromosomal DNA from the donor cell can become incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient cell following these kinds of transduction events
A. Both generalized and specialized transduction
B. Specialized transduction only
C. Generalized transduction only

A

B

28
Q 
Excision repair is a mechanism that can repair which of the following?
•	Thymine dimers
•	Gaps in the DNA
•	Mismatched bases
•	Errors made during DNA replication 
•	Incorrect bases
A

Thymine dimers

29
Q

An incorrect base is incorporated into a bacterial chromosomal sequence during DNA replication and not corrected. The resulting change in the DNA sequence is passed along to all the daughter cells arising from the original cell in which the mutation first occurred. This is an example of…
• Horizontal gene transfer
• Vertical gene transfer

A

Vertical gene transfer

30
Q

Which of the following correctly lists all the mechanisms that might contribute to genetic diversity within a bacterial population?

A. Mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and sexual reproduction
B. Mutations and horizontal gene transfer
C. Horizontal gene transfer and sexual reproduction
D. Mutations and sexual reproduction
E. Mutations
F. Sexual reproduction
G. Horizontal gene transfer

A

B

31
Q

Which protein forms a complex with Uvr B and scans the DNA for distortions in the DNA structure?

A.	DNA polymerase I
B.	UvrD
C.	Exonuclease
D.	Rec A
E.	Uvr A
F.	DNA ligase
G.	Uvr C
A

E

32
Q

Which protein binds Uvr B and acts as an endonuclease to cut a damaged DNA strand around either side of a distortion in the DNA molecule (e.g. where a thymine-dimer has been detected)?

A.	DNA polymerase I
B.	UvrD
C.	Exonuclease
D.	Rec A
E.	Uvr A
F.	DNA ligase
G.	Uvr C
A

G

33
Q

Which protein acts as a helicase to remove the section of DNA containing a thymine-dimer?

A.	DNA polymerase I
B.	UvrD
C.	Exonuclease
D.	Rec A
E.	Uvr A
F.	DNA ligase
G.	Uvr C
A

B

34
Q

Which protein synthesizes a new strand of DNA to replace the nucleotides that were removed with the incorrect base?

A.	DNA polymerase I
B.	UvrD
C.	Exonuclease
D.	Rec A
E.	Uvr A
F.	DNA ligase
G.	Uvr C
A

A

35
Q

Which protein links the newly synthesized DNA to the existing molecule?

A.	DNA polymerase I
B.	UvrD
C.	Exonuclease
D.	Rec A
E.	Uvr A
F.	DNA ligase
G.	Uvr C
A

F

36
Q

Rank the repair mechanisms in order from least error prone to the most error prone

A. Recombinational repair
B. Photoreactivation
C. SOS response
D. Proofreading

A

B, D, A, C

Microbiology (9 decks)

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