Exam 3 Flashcards
Kinship
The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage
Natal Family
Family into which a person is born and which he/she is usually raised
Nuclear Family
Family formed by a marred couple and their children
Kinship Chart
A visual representation of a family relationship
Corporate Group
Groups of people who work together towards common ends, much as a corporation does.
Extended Families
Large groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family, often living in the same household
Clan
A group of relatives who claim to be descended form a single ancestor
Exogamous
A social pattern in which members of a clan must marry someone from another clan which has the effect of building social ties with other clans
Patrilineal
Reckoning descent through males from the same ancestors
Matrilineal
Reckoning descent through women who are descended from an ancestral woman
Cognatic
Reckoning descent through either men or women from some ancestor
Genealogical Amnesia
The structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives
Culture and Personality Movement
studied how patters of child rearing, social institutions, and cultural ideologies shape individual experience, personality characteristics, and thought patterns
Bride Price
A gift of money given by the groom’s clan or family to compensate the bride’s clan or family for the loss of one of its women along with her productive and reproductive abilities
Dowry
A large sum of money or in kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband’s family
Polygamy
any form of plural marriage
Polygyny
When a man is simultaneously married to more than woman
Polyandry
When a woman has two or more husbands at a time
Incest Taboo
The prohibition on sexual relations between close family members
Religion
A symbolic system that is socially enacted through rituals and other aspects of social life that relate to ultimate losses of humankind’s existence
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings.
Mana
Sacred power believed to inhere in certain high ranking people, sacred spaces and objects
Worldview
A general approach to or set of shared, unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works
Interpretive approach
A kind of analysis that interprets the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society
Quran
The main body of scripture in Islam, consisting of verses of classical Arabic poetry understood to be revealed to the prophet Muhammad by Allah, often in dreams or in the midst of other activities. These verses were memorized by Mohammads’ followers and written down after his death.
Totemism
A system of thought that associates particular social groups with specific animal or plant species called totems as an emblem.
Shaman
A religious leader who communicates the needs of the living with the spirit world usually through some form of ritual trance or other altered state of conciousness
Trance
Semi-conscious state typically brought on by hypnosis, ritual drumming and singing or hallucinogenic drugs like mescaline or peyote
Speaking in Tongues
The phenomenon of speaking inn an apparently unknown language, often in an energetic and fast-paced way.
Polytheism:
belief in many gods
Monotheism
belief in one god
World Religions
Religions that claim to be universally significant to all people
Magic
An explanatory system of causation that does not follow naturalistic explanation, often working at a distance without physical contact
Sympathetic Magic
Any magical rite that relies on the supernatural to produce its outcome sithout working through a specific supernatural being such as a spirit demon or deity
Rites of Passage
any life cycle that marks a person’s or group’s transition from one social state to another
Secular Worldview
A worldview that does not accept the supernatural as influencing current people’s lives
Fundamentalist
A person belonging to a religion movement that advocates a return to fundamentals
Fundamentalism
religious movement that advocates a return to fundamental or traditional principles.
Lookism
Both male and female bodies are by processes of sexual enhancement and the objectification of perceived sexuality
Nudity as a metaphor
Ruth Barcan utilizes Erving Goffman’s idea of shame when it comes to nudity that shame as an experiential mode rather than a moral quality in which dressing or undressing is a result of contextualized activities and cultural expectations arising from the orientational implications of exposure
Breasts in the West
In the West, breasts serve as organs of life and sustenance for a child as well as pleasure and erotic enjoyment for a partner.
Lineage
A group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors.
Unilineal
Based on descent through a single descent line, either males or females
Polyamory
Any form of plural relationship
Sir Edward Burnett Tyler
Believed that non-Western religious were based on a fundamental error in thinking
Ritual
Stylized Performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities
Mana
Sacred power believed to inhere in certain high-ranking people, sacred spaces, and objects
Interpretive Approach
A kind of analysis that interprets the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society
Positivism (Empiricism)
Studies observable reality, separates facts from judgement
Epistemology
Relating to Knowledge, thinking, and ideas
Ideology
System of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy
Phenomenology
Approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness objects of direct experience
Agency
Acts to Produce a particular result
Language
A system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar
Ethnography of Speaking
The study of how people actually use spoken language in a particular cultural setting.
Call Systems
Patterned sounds, utterances, and movements of the body that express meaning
Philology
Comparative study of ancient texts and documents
Descriptive Linguistics
the systematic analysis and description of a language’s sound system and grammar
Phonology
Systematic pattern of sounds in a language
Morphology
Structure of words and word formation in a language
Syntax
Pattern of word order used to form sentences and long utterances in a language
Dialect
A regional or social variety of a language in which the vocabulary grammar and pronunciation differ from those of the standard version of language
Sign
Words or objects that stands for something else
Metaphors
Comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them
Metaphors
Comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them
Pidgin Language
Language with a simplified grammar
Multifunctionality
Language doesn’t just describe things, it does things
Language Ideologies
Implicit and Explicit Associations between ways of using languages, moral, social, and political values.
Anthropology
Study of human beings, their prehistory and history, language, cultures, and social institutions
Industrialization
The economic shift from agricultural economy to factory-based economy
Empirical
Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory alone
Colonism
The historical Practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.
Othering
Defining Colonized people as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in term of their social moral, and physical norms.
Salvage Pardigm
the importance to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the social lives of living communities
Biological Anthropoloy
The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past an present, along with those of our closest relatives, the now human primates
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of how people communicate with one another through language and how language use shapes membership and identity
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of how people communicate with one another through language and how language use shapes membership and identity
Culture
The taken for granted notions, rules, moralities and behaviors with a social group
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one’s way of doing things is correct and that other people’s practices or view are wrong or ignorant
Cultural Relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should seek to understand cultures on their own terms and withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
Diversity
The variety of ways of being human around the world
Holism
Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation
Theory
A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis
Quantitative Method
Measured
Qualitative
Observed
Ethnographic Method
A research metod that involves prolonged and intensive obersvation of and participation in the life of a community
Applied Anthropology
research commisioned to serve an organizations needs
Practicing Anthro
Involving research as well as involvement in the designs, implementation, and management of some organization
Action Anthro
Improve community welfare
Culture
Dynamic
Social Evolutionism
All societies pass through stages, from primitive to complex civilization. Cultural differences are the result of these changes
Historical particularism
Individual Societies particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change. Cultural traits diffuse from one culture to another
Functionalism
Cultural Practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill
Functionalism
Cultural Practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill psychological and social needs
Structural Functionalism
Culture is systematic, its pieces working together in a balanced fashion to keep the whole society functioning smoothly.
Structural Functionalism
Culture is systematic, its pieces working together in a balanced fashion to keep the whole society functioning smoothly.
Neo-Evolutionism
CUltures evolve from simple to complex by harnessing nature’s energy through technology and the influence of particular culture-specific processes
Cultural Materialism
The material world, especially its economic, ecological conditions, shapes people’s customs and beliefs
Cognitive Anthro
Culture operates through mental models and logical systems
Interpretive Anthro
Culture is a shared system of meaning, people make sense of their worlds through the use of symbols and symbolic activities like myth and ritual
Interpretive Anthro
Culture is a shared system of meaning, people make sense of their worlds through the use of symbols and symbolic activities like myth and ritual
Post-Structuralism
a set of theoretical positions that reject the idea that there are underlying structures explain culture
Enculturation
The Process of learning the cultural rules, and logic of a society.
Intepretive theory of culture
A theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols
Cultural Construction
The meaning, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences
Cultural Determinism
The idea that all human actions are the product of culture
Values
symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities
Norm
Typical patterns of actual behavior as well as rules about how things should be done
Social Sanction
A reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation
Customs
Long-established norms that have a codified law-like aspect
Tradition
Practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring
Social Institutions
Organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way
Functionalism
A perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society.
Holistic Perspective
aims to identify and understand the whole
Cultural Appropriation
one social group to take control over the symbols practices or objects of anothers
Fieldwork
Long-term immersion in a community involving firsthand research
etic
outsider perspective
emic
insider perspective
Intersubjectivity
The realization that knowledge about other people emerges out of relationships and perceptions individuals have with each other
Intersubjectivity
The realization that knowledge about other people emerges out of relationships and perceptions individuals have with each other
Transnational
extends beyond boundaries
Migrants
People who leave their homes to live or work for a time in other regions or communities
World Systems Theory
capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world.
World Systems Theory
capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world.
Culture of Migration
The cultural attitudes, perceptions, and symbolic values that shape decision making processes around, and experiences of, migration
Development Anthro
Application of anthro to the practical aspects and implentation
Anthro of Development
concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development or alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects
World Culture
Norms and values that extend across national boundaries
Strategic Essentialism
The social and political tactic in which minority groups mobilize on the basis of a shared cultural or political identity to represent themselves.
Foodways
Structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food
Horticulture
The cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household
Swidden Agriculture
Slash/Burn
Pastorialism
animal husbandry
Animal Husbandry
the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals
Food Security
Access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life
Sustainable Agriculture
Farming based on integrating goals of environmental health, economic productivity and economic equity
Agricultural Revolution
Marks the beginning of civilization
Environmental Anthropology
The field that studies how different societies understand interact with, and make changes to the natural world
Ecological Anthro
The specific vein with environmental anthro that studies directly the relationship between humans and ecosystems
Cultural Landscape
The culturally specific images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscate that help shape human relations with that landscape.
Cultural Landscape
The culturally specific images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscate that help shape human relations with that landscape.
Ethnoscience
The study of how people classify things in the world
Ethnobiology
studies how people name and codify living things
Anthropogenic Landscape
Landscapes that are the product of human shaping
Ecological Footprint
A quantitaive tool that measure what people consume and the waste they produce
Political Ecology
The field of study that focuses on the linkage between political economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction
Naturalization
process through which something becomes part of the natural order of things
Primordialism
ethnicity is largely a natural phenomenon, because of biological, linguistic, and geographical ties among members.
Instrumentalism
A social theory that ethnic groups are not naturally occuring or stable, but highly dynamic groups created to serve the intersets of one powerful group or another
intersectionality
the circumstantial interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers in the expression of prejudicial beliefs
biocultural
complex intesctions of biological, psychological, and cultural processes
Cultural bound syndrom
a mental illness unique to a culture
sick role
the culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that a patient is sick
Disease
the purely physiological conditions of being sick
Illness
The physiological and social experience a patient has of a disease
Explanatory model of illness
an explanation of what is happening to a patient’s body
Medicalization
the proces of viewing or treating as a medical conern conditions that were previously not understood as medical problems
Medical Pluralism
The coexistence and interpretation of distinct medical traditions with different cultural roots in the same cultural community
Medical Pluralism
The coexistence and interpretation of distinct medical traditions with different cultural roots in the same cultural community
