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Cultural Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Fieldwork

A

long term immersion in a community, normally involving firsthand research

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2
Q

Etic

A

Outsider Perspective

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3
Q

Emic

A

Insider Perspective

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4
Q

Participant Observation

A

The standard research method used by cultural anthropologists that requires researchers to live in the community he or she is studying to observe and participate

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5
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

The realization that knowledge about other people emerges out of relationships and perception individuals have with each other

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6
Q

Fieldnotes

A

information the anthropologist transcribes or collects during field work

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7
Q

Headnotes

A

information the anthropologist makes while in the field which may note end up in journals

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8
Q

HRAF

A

a comparative anthropological database that allows easy reference to coded information about several hundred cultural traits for more than 350 societies

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9
Q

Genealogical Method

A

A systemic methodology for recording kinship relations and how kin terms are used in different societies

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10
Q

Life History

A

Any survey of an informant’s life, including such topics as residence, occupation, marriage, family and difficulties usually collected to reveal patterns.

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11
Q

Ethnohistory

A

The study of cultural change in societies and periods for which the community had written histories or historical documents, usually relying heavily on oral history for data.

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12
Q

Rapid Appraisal

A

Short term, focused ethnographic research typically lasting no more than a few weeks, about narrow research questions or problems

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13
Q

Participatory Action Research

A

a research method in which the research questions, data collection, and data analysis are defined through collaboration between the researcher and the subjects of research. A major goal is for the research subjects to develop the capacity to investigate and take action on their primary political economic or social problems

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14
Q

Secondary Material

A

sources such as censuses, regional surveys, or historical reports that are compiled from data collected by someone other than the field researcher

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15
Q

Primary Material

A

Original sources such as fieldnotes that are prepared by someone who is directly involved in the research project and has direct person al knowledge of the research subjects.

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16
Q

Registar

A

an observer who uses both quantitative and qualitative evaluations to describe their observations.

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17
Q

Importance of Ethics

A

ethical considerations of observation should be anonymized

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18
Q

How Many?

A

Quantitative data informs arguments in one way or another in decision making processes

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19
Q

Who?

A

helps understand specifically the behavior of groups of people

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20
Q

Where?

A

studies or movement and staying can help uncover barriers and pinpoint where pedestrian paths and places to stay can be laid out

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21
Q

What?

A

Provides specific knowledge of the types of activities in an area.

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22
Q

How Long?

A

Walking Speed and the amount of time spent staying can provide information about the quality of physical frameworks

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23
Q

Counting

A

Provides numbers before and after between different geographic areas over time.

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24
Q

Mapping

A

activities, people, places for staying and much more can be plotted in, that is, drawn as symbols on a plan of an area being studied to mark the number and type of activities and where they take place

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25
Q

Tracing

A

People’s movements inside or crossing a limited space can be drawn as lines of movement on a plan of the area being studied

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26
Q

Tracking

A

In order to observe people’s movement over a large area of for a longer time, observers can discreetly follow people without their knowing it or follow someone who knows and agrees to be followed and be observed. Research is void without consent.

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27
Q

Photographing

A

Document situations where and form either interact or fail to interact after initiatives have been taken.

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28
Q

Keeping a diary

A

register details and nuances about the interaction between public life and space, noting observations can later be categorized or quantified.

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29
Q

Test Walks

A

taking a walk while observing the surrounding life can be more or less systematic, but the aim is that the observer has a chance to notice problems

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30
Q

Ontology:

A

relating to being/existence/reality

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31
Q

Epistemology

A

relating to knowledge, thinking and ideas

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32
Q

Ideology

A

a system of ideas and ideals, especially on which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy

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33
Q

Phenomenology:

A

an approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience

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34
Q

agency

A

action or intervention, especially such as to produce a particular effect,

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35
Q

Language

A

a system of communication consisting of sounds, words and grammar

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36
Q

Ethnography of Speaking

A

The study of how people actually use spoken language in a particular cultural setting

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37
Q

Call System

A

patterned sounds, utterances, and movements of the body that express meaning.

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38
Q

Philology

A

Comparative study of ancient texts and documents

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39
Q

Descriptive Linguistics:

A

The systematic analysis and description of a languages sounds

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40
Q

Phonology

A

The systematic pattern of sounds in a language, also known as the language’s sound system

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41
Q

Morphology

A

the structure of words and word formation in a language

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42
Q

Syntax

A

The pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language

43
Q

Accent

A

A regional or social variation in the way a language is pronounced

44
Q

Dialect

A

A regional or social variety of a language in which the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation differ from those of the standard version of language

45
Q

Sign

A

words or objects that stands for something else

46
Q

Metaphor

A

implicit comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them

47
Q

Pidgin Language

A

a mixed language with a simplified grammar, typically borrowing its vocabulary from on e language but its grammar from another.

48
Q

Pragmatics:

A

Rules and forms governing language use in social situations

49
Q

Multifunctionality

A

Language doesn’t just describe things, it does things.

50
Q

Referential

A

the utterance carries meaning about its topic

51
Q

Expressive

A

directly expresses the addressors attitude towards the context

52
Q

Conative

A

attempts to act on the addressee

53
Q

Poetic

A

in which the utterance exists for its own sake. Rhyme, repetition, onomatopoeia

54
Q

Phatic

A

checks, builds and maintains the channel of interaction . Handshake, “What’s Up”

55
Q

Metalinguistic

A

in which the utterance refers to the code itself “Speak in English”

56
Q

Language Ideologies

A

Implicit and explicit associations between ways of using language and moral, social , and political values

57
Q

Anthropology

A

study of human beings, their prehistory and history, language, cultures and social institutions

58
Q

industrialization

A

economic shift from agriculture economy to factory based economyu

59
Q

evolution

A

the adaptive changes organisms make across generations

60
Q

empirical

A

verifiable observations rather than through logic or theory

61
Q

colonism

A

practice of more powerful countries or cultures claiming possession of less powerful ones

62
Q

Othering

A

defining colonized people as different and subordinate

63
Q

Salvage Paradigm

A

the importance to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous people

64
Q

Cultural Anthro

A

The study of social life of living communities

65
Q

Archaeology

A

study of past cultures by excavation

66
Q

Biological Anthro

A

Study of the biological aspects of the human species past and present

67
Q

Linguistic Anthro

A

Study of how people communicate with another through language

68
Q

Culture

A

the taken for granted notions rules and moralities of a community

69
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the assumption your practice is correct

70
Q

cultural relativism

A

one should seek to understand culture on their own terms without judgement

71
Q

Diversity

A

the variety of ways of being human

72
Q

Holism

A

efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation

73
Q

Theory

A

a tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis

74
Q

Quantitative Method

A

Counting or measuring and constructing models

75
Q

Qualitative Method

A

research that produces in depth description for social behaviors nd beliefs

76
Q

ethnographic method

A

research method that involves prolonged and intensive observation in the life of a community.

77
Q

comparative method

A

compose aspects of societies

78
Q

applied anthro

A

research commissioned to serve an org. need

79
Q

practicing anthro

A

work involving research as well as involvement

80
Q

ethics

A

moral questions of right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior

81
Q

Action Anthro

A

seeks to study and improve community welfare

82
Q

Social evolutionism

A

all societies pass through stages, cultural differences are the result of this 1870-1910

83
Q

historical Particularism

A

look up

84
Q

Functionalism:

A

Cultural Practices, beliefs and inst. fulfill psychological and social needs 1920 - 1960

85
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

culture is systematic. Its pieces working together to keep balance

86
Q

Neo Evolutionism

A

cultures evolve from simple to complex by harnessing nature’s energy through technology and the influence of particular culture specific processes.

87
Q

Cultural Materialism

A

the material world especially its economy and ecology shape its beliefs

88
Q

Cognitive Anthro

A

Look UP

89
Q

structuralism

A

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions.

90
Q

Interpretive Anthro

A

culture is a shared system of meaning. People make sense of their worlds through the use of symbols and symbolic activities like myth and ritual

91
Q

enculturation

A

the process of learning the cultural rules of a society

92
Q

intrepretive thry of culture

A

Theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

93
Q

cultural construction

A

concepts and practices that people build of their shared and collected experiences

94
Q

interpretive theory of culture

A

Theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

95
Q

cross-cultural perspective:

A

comparing phenomenon as manifested in different cultures

96
Q

values

A

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles of qualities

97
Q

norms

A

typical patterns of actual behavior as well as rules about how things should be done.

98
Q

social sanction

A

a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

99
Q

customs

A

long established norms that have a codified and law like aspect

100
Q

tradition

A

practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring

101
Q

social institutions

A

organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way

102
Q

functionalism

A

perspective that assumes that cultural beliefs and practices have a place in society

103
Q

holistic perspective

A

aims to identify the whole that is the systemic connections between individual cultural belief, practices

104
Q

cultural appropriation

A

the unilateral decision of one group to take control over the symbols practices or objects of another’s.

Cultural Anthropology (3 decks)

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