Exam 2 Flashcards
Globalization
the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, and goods
Diffusionists
Early 20th century Boasion anthropologists who thought culture originated from cultural centers.
Transnational
Relationships that extend beyond nation state boundaries but do not necessarily cover the whole world.
Migrants
people who leave their homes to live or work for at time in other regions or countries
Immigrants
People who enter a country with no expectations for returning to their home country
Refugees:
People who migrate because of political oppression or war
Exiles:
People who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries
World Systems Theory:
The theory that capitalism was expanded on the basis of inequal exchange throughout the world creating a global market and global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant “core” and a dependent “periphery”
Post-Colonialism
The field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism
Push-pull Factors
the social, economic, and political factors that attract or push people away
Transnational Community
A spatially extended social network that spans multiple countries
Localization
The creation and assertion of of making something local in character or restricting it to a particular place.
Development Anthropology
The appreciation of anthropological knowledge and research methods to practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects.
Anthropology of Development
The field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development or the negative impacts.
Cultural Imperialism
The Promotion of one culture through others through formal policy or less formal means.
World Culture:
norms and values that extend across national boundaries
Hybridization
persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction
Market
are utopian, nowhere in particular and everywhere
Distribution
Middlemen- not producer- are the technicians of globalization
Transnational Networks of Trade
Create institutions of social culture linking previously inarticulated segments of local economies, societies, and policies.
ICCAT
Imposes quotas and regulations made of various sovereign entities
Cultural Relativism
Commodity Fetishism: American fishers have to imagine a Japanese culture and its expanding culinary culture
Strategic Essentialism
The social and political tactic in which minority groups mobilize on the basis of a shared general, cultural or political identity to represent themselves.
Foodways
structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution and consumption of food
Lactase Persistence
continuation of lactase production beyond early a childhood that allows a person to digest milk and dairy products
Structuralism:
an anthropological theory that people make sense of their worlds through binary opposition
Taste:
The concept that refers to the sense that gives human the ability to detect flavors, as well as the social distinction associated with certain foodstuffs
Mode of Substinence:
The social relationship and practices necessary
Foraging
obtaining fodd by seraching for it
Horticulture
the cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household
Swidden Agriculture
A farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes and burns a small are of forest
Pastoralism:
the practice of animal husbandry
Tranhumance
regular seasonal movement of herding communities
Intensification:
processes that increases agricultural yields
Industrial Agriculture
the application of industrial principles
Green Revolution
The transformation of agriculture in…
Food Security
access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain and ..
Obesity
having excess body fat to the point of impairing
Overweight
having an abnormally high accumulation of body fat
Nutrition Transistion
the combination of changes in diet toward energy dense foods and declines in physical activity
Sustainable Agriculture
farming based on integration goals of environmental health, economic productivity, and…
Fire
Sway over the natural world, externalizes the digestive process, establish hearths in previously forbidden places.
Agricultural Revolution:
Marks the beginning of civilization, first small urban agglomerations.
Wetlands:
Provided environment for diverse food web, hunting, fishing, foraging, and gathering, flooding created a natural irrigation system.
4000 year gap:
Debunks the notion of gradual move towards agriculture, a hybrid between freeliving and domesticated subsitence, agnostic about the rise of civilization
Self Definition
The act of identifying, utilizing, and more importantly redefining symbols.
Chicken:
Historically untraceable, were not kept in hen houses, marketplace was few places where black slaves would be able to confront slave owners, historical and economical paradoxes: chicken consumption was normative, chicken consumption was negative.
Environmental Anthropology:
Environmental sciences and how it relates to societies and culture
Environmental Determinism
a theory that attempts to explain cultural characteristics of a group of people as a consequence of specific ecological conditions or limitations.
Ecological Anthropology
The specific vein with environmental anthropology that studies directly the relationship between humans and natural ecosystems
Ecosystem
natural system based on the interactions of nonliving factors and living organisms.
Cultural Landscape:
The culturally specific images knowledge and concepts of the physical landscape that help shape human relations with that landscape
Ethnoscience
the study of how perople classify thing in the world, usually by considering some range of set meanings
Ethnobiology
The subfield of ethnoscience that studies how people in non-western societies name and codifying living things
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Indigenous ecological knowledge and its relationship with resource management strategies
Anthropogenic Landscape
Landscapes that are the product of human shaping
Carrying Capacity
The population an area can support
Carrying Capacity
The population an area can support
Ecological Footprint
A quantitative tool that measures what people consume and the waste they produce. It also calculates the area of biologically productive land and water needed to support those people
Ecological Footprint
A quantitative tool that measures what people consume and the waste they produce. It also calculates the area of biologically productive land and water needed to support those people
Political Ecology:
The field of study that focuses on the linkage between political economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction
Environmental Justice:
A social movement addressing the linkage between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality
Generalizations:
the actions and process of generalizing ie. forming and expressing words, general notions or propositions obtained form
Generalizations:
the actions and process of generalizing ie. forming and expressing words, general notions or propositions obtained form
Compatibility Standardizes Difference
In order to compare, you must acknowledge they’re similarities
Convergences:
Legitimizes arising categories, offer bridges over unrecognizable difference, The unfamiliar becomes familiar.
Botany:
First science concerned with uniting knowledge from around the globe to create a singular global knowledge (God’s Creation v Human’s Creation)
Plants and Colonialism
gathering plants in non-European locales in the 18th century aligned with European Hegemony. Information they collected on plants were gateways to colonial settlement and conquest.
Emptying out of Nature
Depend on folk experts, but disavow collaboration, except amongst scientists
Nature as god
John Muir Defied Nature
With nature, the local enfolds in to the global and universal
The Globe and its Model
Global Climate Change articulated the new realization that places far apart from each other were still connected by basic survival
The Model
Models breed Models
Models bust be charismatic and Pedalogical
Sustainable Management
An empty concept
Combined Trade promotion and conservation, inherent contradiction
Lessons:
Universals include contrasting sources of knowledge
Global Nature Facilitates and obscures worldwide collaborations
Claims of Universality makes it difficult to see who is in and who is out.
Value
the relative worth of an object or service that makes it desirable
Economic Anthropology
The subfield of cultural anthropology concerned with how people make share and buy things and services
Economic System:
a structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services
Neoclassical economics:
the economy is a division of labor and the exchange of goods and services in a market.
Substantivism
the economy is the substance of the actual transactions people engage in to get what they need and want
Marxism:
Capitalism, which is a type of economic system, is a system in which private ownership of the means of production and a division of labor produce wealth for a few, and inequality for the masses
Cultural Economics
The economy is a category of culture, not a special area governed by universal economic rationality. How symbols and morals help shape a communitites economy.
Division of Labor
The cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles.
Exchange
The transfer of objects and services between social
Market
A social institution where people come together to exchange goods and services.
Capitalism
System based on private ownership of means of production in which prices are set and goods distributed through a market.
Formal Economics
The branch of economics that …
Substantive Economics
A branch of Economics, inspired by Karl Polyani, that studies the daily transaction
Redistribution
The collection of goods in a community, dispersed between its members
Surplus Value:
The difference between what people produce and what they need to survive
Surplus Value:
The difference between what people produce and what they need to survive
Means of Production
The machines and infrastructure required to produce goods
Prestige Economies
economics in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth
Money
An object or substance that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, or a unit of account.
Commodity money
Money with another value besides itself, such as gold
Fiat Money
money created and guaranteed by a government
General Purpose Money
Money that is used to buy
Limited Purpose Money
objects that can be exchanged for certain things.
Spheres of Exchange
Bounded orders of value in which certain goods can be exchanged only for others
Transactional Orders
Realms of Transactions a community uses, each with its own set of symbolic meanings and moral relationships
Reciprocity
The give and take that builds and confirms relationships
Delayed Reciprocity
A long lag time between receiving a gift and paying it back
Commodities
Mass-produced and impersonal goods with no meaning or history apart from themselves
Consumption
The act of using
Appropriation
The process of taking possession of an object idea or relationship and making it one’s own
Consumers
People who rely on goods and services not produced by their labor
Consumers
People who rely on goods and services not produced by their labor
Money and Debt
arose together
Economic Textbooks
Hypothetical of time before money, barter and money was first intrinsic step into society
Adam Smith
objected that money was a creation of the government. Money, property, and the market are not the products of government but the foundation of human society. Economics is a field of human inquiry with its own principles and laws; distinct from politics and ethics.
Barter Myth
Adam Smith Created a Myth of barter with Native Americans . Longhouse served as the primary economic institution where goods were stockpiled and allocated by a woman’s council; still no evidence of bartering.
Nambikwara
Spot fire and send emissary to trade. Festivities, and they trading.
Barter
Each side makes a trade an then walk away
Currency:
The idea of barter as the origin of money has no validity but currency has a complex and contextual use. The importance isn’t so much the coinage but the record of debt
Placebo Effect
A healing Process by persuading the patient that he or she was given a powerful medicine
Medicine Pluralism
The coexistence and interpretation of distinct medical traditions
Social Inequalities
shape the biology of racialized groups, and imbodied inequalities perpetuate a unified view
Race
Classically viewed as discrete, permanent and relatively homogeneous. it implied the superficial traits used to distinguish races reflect more fundamental innate biological difference.
Medicalization:
conditions that were not previously understood as medical problems come to be treated as medical concerns (PTSD)
Biocultural Approach:
avoid thinking that either biology or cultural determines health and illness. Biological, psychological, and cultural processes interact in complex ways.
Sick Role
Social Expectations of Illness
Ilness
actual experience of disease, emphasizes how they feel and how their activities are affected
Disease
underlying causes of the symptoms, physiological conditions
Race
A concept that organizes people into unequal groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental innate differences
Naturalization
The social process through which something becomes part of the natural order of things.
Racism
The repressive practices, structures, beliefs and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality
Discrimination
The negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category
Racialization
The social economic and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings
Ethnicity
A concept that organizes people into groups based on their membership in a group with a particular history, social status or history
Primordialism
a social theory that ethnicity is largely a natural phenomenon, because of biological primordial linguistic and geographical ties among members.
Instrumentalism
A social theory that ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable, but highly dynamic groups created to serve…
Class
The hierarchical distinction between social groups in society usually based on wealth, occupation, and social standing.
Caste
The system of social stratification found in south Asian societies that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution
Social Stratification
The classification of people into unequal groupings
Prejudice
Preformed usually unfavorable opinions that people hold about people from groups who are different from their own.
Intersectionality
The circumstantial interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers in the expression of prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory actions.
Sex
Understood in western cultures as the reproductive forms and functions of the body
Gender/Sex Systems
The ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males and females
Gender
The complex … field intersections of biological sex, internal senses of self, outward expressions of identity, and cultural expectation about how to perform the identity in appropriate ways.
Sexually Dimorphic
A characteristic of a species , in which males and females have different sexual forms
Intersex:
Individuals who exhibit sexual organs and functions
Masculinity
The ideas and practices of manhood
Gender Variance
Expression of sex and gender that diverges from the male and female norms that dominate in most societies
Third Genders
A category found in many societies that acknowledge three or more gender categories
Sexuality
Preferences, desire and practices
Transgender
Someone to whom society assigns on gender who does not perform as that gender but has taken either permanent or temporary steps to identify as another gender.
Cisgender
Someone whose gender identity aligns with their biological sex at birth
