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Dent6400 > Exam 3 - (1) Parasites > Flashcards

Exam 3 - (1) Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Some of the most prevalent diseases in developing countries?

A

Parasitic

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2
Q

(T or F) Parasitic infections cause clinical infections

A

False

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3
Q

(T or F) Parasitic infections are distinct from parasitic disease

A

True

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4
Q

most common parasitic infection worldwide

A

Toxoplasmosis

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5
Q

Prolonged, repeated, or high burden infections are:

A
  • usually subacute or chronic

- rarely fatal (except for malaria P. falciparum which is rapidly fatal 3-5)

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6
Q

Many parasitic agents are _____ meaning they infect animals.

A

zoonoses

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7
Q

Many human parasites require _______ and ______ hosts to complete their life cycles.

A
  • human

- non human

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8
Q

What are the two parasite types?

A
  • protozoa

- helminths

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9
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

One celled eukaryotes that cause disease when present in large numbers

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10
Q

What are 5 common protozoa?

A 
1-Plasmodium
2-Giardia
3-Cryptosporidium
4-Leishmania
5-Trypanosomes
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11
Q

Where can protazoa manifest themselves during an infection?

A
  • intracellular (RBCs, macrophages)

- extracellular (GI tract)

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12
Q

what are two forms protozoans w/in the GI tract take?

A

active trophozoite

dormant cyst

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13
Q

There are ~65,000 spp. of protazoa and few are parasitic. Where are most spp. found?

A

water + soil

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14
Q

What is the term for flagellated protozoa?

A

Mastigophora

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15
Q

What are some characteristics mastigophora?

A
  • single nucleus
  • sexually reproduce by syngamy
  • divide by longitudinal fisson
  • parasitic form have no mitochondria or golgi
  • form cysts and are free living + solitary
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16
Q

what are 4 examples of Mastigophora?

A

1-Trypanosoma
2-Leishmania
3-Giardia and Cryptosporidium
4-Trichomonas

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17
Q

Where/why was a major Cryptosporidium outbreak/ how many were affected/ what was the total cost?

A
  • Milwaukee, water treatment failure
  • 400,000 people
  • $96.2 million
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18
Q

What are Apicomplexa/sporozoa?

A

non-motile protozoans that produce sporozoites following sexual reproduction

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19
Q

What are some general characteristics of apicomplexa?

A
  • not motile save for male gametes
  • complex life cycles
  • most form oocysts
  • entire group is parasitic
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20
Q

What are two examples of apicomplexians?

A

1-Plasmodium

2-Toxoplasma gondii

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21
Q

What are helminths?

A

multicellular (metazoa) worm parasites

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22
Q

What are two common types of helminths?

A

1-Roundworms

2-Flatworms

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23
Q

What are some general helminth characteristics?

A
  • They remain extracellular (large)
  • they have a complex life cycle that doesn’t typically complete within the human
  • development happens outside the human definitive host and in animal vector intermediate hosts
24
Q

(T or F) Helminths chronic infections cannot be tolerated by human hosts

A

False - most are

25
Q

(T or F) disease is a consequence of parasitic replication

A

False - it is not

26
Q

What is a parasitic burden?

A

a term for the number of parasites that the host initially acquires from the environment

27
Q

When do established helminth infections resolve themselves?

A

when the adult worms reach senescence (old age degradation)

28
Q

(T or F) Adult helminths are large enough to see with the naked eye

A

True

29
Q

(T or F) Helminth eggs and larvae can be seen with the naked eye

A

False- a microscope is required

30
Q

What are some general characteristics of Flatworms?

A
  • they’re part of the phylum platyhelminthes

- thin and often segmented

31
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of Flatworms?

A

1-Cestodes (tapeworms)

2-Trematodes (flukes)

32
Q

What are some general characteristics about roundworms?

A
  • they’re part of phylum Aschelminthes

- they are elongate, cylindrical and unsegmented

33
Q

What are roundworms also known as?

A

nematodes

34
Q

what class of animals are vectors for most parasites?

A

arthropods

35
Q

What are some common arthropodic parasite vectors?

A
  • Female anopheles mosquito
  • flies (black and tsetse)
  • kissing bugs
  • ticks
36
Q

(T or F) Arthropod vectors are not involved in any essential steps within a parasites life cycle

A

False

37
Q

(T or F) Parasites are prevalent in areas conducive to arthropod breeding

A

True

38
Q

What are parasite reservoirs?

A

sources of parasites that do not participate DIRECTLY in transmission

39
Q

Name three broad parasite reservoir classifications

A
  • humans
  • animals
  • environment
40
Q

What are three routes of parasite entry?

A

1-oral ingestion
2-penetration of skin
3-arthropod borne bite wound

41
Q

what constrains parasite transmission?

A
  • special life cycle requirements

- presence of intermediate hosts

42
Q

parasite disease manifestation is dependent on:

A

size of inoculum and varies between spp.

43
Q

survival of a parasite within its host is largely dependent on it’s ability to

A

circumvent the host’s antibody and cell-mediated immune responses

44
Q

a parasites life cycle is determined by

A

species and tissue tropisms

45
Q

a specific conditional variable on a parasite’s ability to thrive is

A

temperature

46
Q

clinical manifestations of a parasitic infection may include

A
  • direct tissue damage from a parasite
  • effects of a host immune response
  • a mix of both
47
Q

clinical complications such as those seen in schistosomiasis and pork tapeworms can occur ______ after initial infection

A

years

48
Q

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis begins with a trivial asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic _____.

A

skin lesion

49
Q

Chagas disease can be acute or chronic. Acute infections result in:

A
  • a swollen eyelid (Romaña’s sign)
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • possible death in immunocompromised or young children
50
Q

Chronic Chagas disease results in

A

lesions on various internal organs.

51
Q

three ways to treat/prevent/eradicate parasitic infections

A

1-preventative drugs (chemoprophylaxis)
2-Immunization
3-field control measures

52
Q

What are some problems with immunizing against parasitic pathogens?

A
  • parasites masquerade as “self” by coating in host antigens
  • some parasites (trypanosomes) continually alter surface antigens
  • different proteins or polysaccharides displayed on surfaces at different life stages
53
Q

What red blood cell parasitic disease is the most important of all protozoan diseases?

A

malaria

54
Q

approximately how many named species of plasmodium (that infect various species of vertebrates) exist?

A

156

55
Q

What four plasmodium spp. infect humans/what is their RBC preferences?

A

1 - P. falciparum/all age RBCs (most mortality)
2,3 - P. vivax/P. ovale/reticulocytes and young RBCs
4 - P. malariae/older RBCs

Dent6400 (7 decks)

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