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Exam 3 - (1) Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Some of the most prevalent diseases in developing countries?

A

Parasitic

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2
Q

(T or F) Parasitic infections cause clinical infections

A

False

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3
Q

(T or F) Parasitic infections are distinct from parasitic disease

A

True

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4
Q

most common parasitic infection worldwide

A

Toxoplasmosis

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5
Q

Prolonged, repeated, or high burden infections are:

A
  • usually subacute or chronic

- rarely fatal (except for malaria P. falciparum which is rapidly fatal 3-5)

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6
Q

Many parasitic agents are _____ meaning they infect animals.

A

zoonoses

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7
Q

Many human parasites require _______ and ______ hosts to complete their life cycles.

A
  • human

- non human

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8
Q

What are the two parasite types?

A
  • protozoa

- helminths

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9
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

One celled eukaryotes that cause disease when present in large numbers

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10
Q

What are 5 common protozoa?

A 
1-Plasmodium
2-Giardia
3-Cryptosporidium
4-Leishmania
5-Trypanosomes
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11
Q

Where can protazoa manifest themselves during an infection?

A
  • intracellular (RBCs, macrophages)

- extracellular (GI tract)

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12
Q

what are two forms protozoans w/in the GI tract take?

A

active trophozoite

dormant cyst

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13
Q

There are ~65,000 spp. of protazoa and few are parasitic. Where are most spp. found?

A

water + soil

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14
Q

What is the term for flagellated protozoa?

A

Mastigophora

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15
Q

What are some characteristics mastigophora?

A
  • single nucleus
  • sexually reproduce by syngamy
  • divide by longitudinal fisson
  • parasitic form have no mitochondria or golgi
  • form cysts and are free living + solitary
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16
Q

what are 4 examples of Mastigophora?

A

1-Trypanosoma
2-Leishmania
3-Giardia and Cryptosporidium
4-Trichomonas

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17
Q

Where/why was a major Cryptosporidium outbreak/ how many were affected/ what was the total cost?

A
  • Milwaukee, water treatment failure
  • 400,000 people
  • $96.2 million
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18
Q

What are Apicomplexa/sporozoa?

A

non-motile protozoans that produce sporozoites following sexual reproduction

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19
Q

What are some general characteristics of apicomplexa?

A
  • not motile save for male gametes
  • complex life cycles
  • most form oocysts
  • entire group is parasitic
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20
Q

What are two examples of apicomplexians?

A

1-Plasmodium

2-Toxoplasma gondii

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21
Q

What are helminths?

A

multicellular (metazoa) worm parasites

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22
Q

What are two common types of helminths?

A

1-Roundworms

2-Flatworms

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23
Q

What are some general helminth characteristics?

A
  • They remain extracellular (large)
  • they have a complex life cycle that doesn’t typically complete within the human
  • development happens outside the human definitive host and in animal vector intermediate hosts
24
Q

(T or F) Helminths chronic infections cannot be tolerated by human hosts

A

False - most are

25
(T or F) disease is a consequence of parasitic replication
False - it is not
26
What is a parasitic burden?
a term for the number of parasites that the host initially acquires from the environment
27
When do established helminth infections resolve themselves?
when the adult worms reach senescence (old age degradation)
28
(T or F) Adult helminths are large enough to see with the naked eye
True
29
(T or F) Helminth eggs and larvae can be seen with the naked eye
False- a microscope is required
30
What are some general characteristics of Flatworms?
- they're part of the phylum platyhelminthes | - thin and often segmented
31
What are the 2 subdivisions of Flatworms?
1-Cestodes (tapeworms) | 2-Trematodes (flukes)
32
What are some general characteristics about roundworms?
- they're part of phylum Aschelminthes | - they are elongate, cylindrical and unsegmented
33
What are roundworms also known as?
nematodes
34
what class of animals are vectors for most parasites?
arthropods
35
What are some common arthropodic parasite vectors?
- Female anopheles mosquito - flies (black and tsetse) - kissing bugs - ticks
36
(T or F) Arthropod vectors are not involved in any essential steps within a parasites life cycle
False
37
(T or F) Parasites are prevalent in areas conducive to arthropod breeding
True
38
What are parasite reservoirs?
sources of parasites that do not participate DIRECTLY in transmission
39
Name three broad parasite reservoir classifications
- humans - animals - environment
40
What are three routes of parasite entry?
1-oral ingestion 2-penetration of skin 3-arthropod borne bite wound
41
what constrains parasite transmission?
- special life cycle requirements | - presence of intermediate hosts
42
parasite disease manifestation is dependent on:
size of inoculum and varies between spp.
43
survival of a parasite within its host is largely dependent on it's ability to
circumvent the host's antibody and cell-mediated immune responses
44
a parasites life cycle is determined by
species and tissue tropisms
45
a specific conditional variable on a parasite's ability to thrive is
temperature
46
clinical manifestations of a parasitic infection may include
- direct tissue damage from a parasite - effects of a host immune response - a mix of both
47
clinical complications such as those seen in schistosomiasis and pork tapeworms can occur ______ after initial infection
years
48
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis begins with a trivial asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic _____.
skin lesion
49
Chagas disease can be acute or chronic. Acute infections result in:
- a swollen eyelid (Romaña's sign) - swollen lymph nodes - possible death in immunocompromised or young children
50
Chronic Chagas disease results in
lesions on various internal organs.
51
three ways to treat/prevent/eradicate parasitic infections
1-preventative drugs (chemoprophylaxis) 2-Immunization 3-field control measures
52
What are some problems with immunizing against parasitic pathogens?
- parasites masquerade as "self" by coating in host antigens - some parasites (trypanosomes) continually alter surface antigens - different proteins or polysaccharides displayed on surfaces at different life stages
53
What red blood cell parasitic disease is the most important of all protozoan diseases?
malaria
54
approximately how many named species of plasmodium (that infect various species of vertebrates) exist?
156
55
What four plasmodium spp. infect humans/what is their RBC preferences?
1 - P. falciparum/all age RBCs (most mortality) 2,3 - P. vivax/P. ovale/reticulocytes and young RBCs 4 - P. malariae/older RBCs

Dent6400 (7 decks)

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