Exam 2023 Flashcards
Who inhabited the western cape? What happend during summer months
Khoikhoi pastoralists, moved khoi between table bay, swartland and Saldana bay looking for fresh grazing (cattle)
What happened in 1488
Bartholomeu Dias (Portuguese explorer) was going from west coast of South Africa to PE, when he turned back he found 3 stone crosses
1= 12march 1488 - kwaaihoek
2= 6 june - cape maclear
3= 25 july - namibian coast
What was Dias looking for and what were the names
Cape peninsula - 1st time he named it Cape of Storms,later - Cape of Good `hope (land opportunity for Portuguese)
What happend in 1497
Vasco da Gama (later Ferinand Magellen) sailed around cape to india - mapping coast of SA + estahblished trade routes around cape -> Asia
Why was the Cape a good refreshment area
Work of Dias, Da Gama + Magellen perfect halfway stop
Who dominated the Indian ocean and when
Muslim traders (ottoman Empire) in medieval time/middle ages
Who shipped spices and where from India
Muslim Traders, to Persian Gulf, Red Sea + later overland = trade routes leading to Europe
Where did the Ottoman empire control (from what times) and what did they impose to traders
Southeastern Europe, Western Asia + Northern Africa between 14 century and early 20 centuries - imposed heavy taxes on traders
What was disrupted and what did this lead to
Overland trade of silk and spices = Portuguese explorers being tasked to find alternate way to reach Asia + continue the valuable trade route
What was the conflict between the Khoi and Portuguese
1510 - Francis de Almeida (first viceroy of Portuguese Indies) - route to Asia but sailed into table bay look for fresh water
While inland some came in contact with the Khoi and traded, reported that they tried to steal cattle + 2 Khoi children = armed conflict (Khoi won) Almeida want happy - sent 150 men to deal with Khoi = Khoi killed 68 + Almeida = won + P avoided area
What was formed in 17th century and why
Dutch and English = trading company - challenged Portuguese and Spanish domination of trade between Europe + Asia
When was the East India Company formed and when was the VOC formed + where
1600, 1602 in Netherlands
What was the VOC given power to do
Act as agent of dutch government = expand dutch empire = taking land, expanding trade routes + est. trade outposts
What happened between 1610 and 1669 + what did the dutch take + repalce?
VOC took possessions of Batavia, Indonesia, Colombo in Sri Lanka, Malabar in India, Makassar + Dutch Eat Indies, dutch took and replaced the Portuguese and Spanish trading routes = est. own
When was the VOC the largest European trading company and what did they trade in
1620, silk and cotton from India and China
How many prisoners did the British leave? Where and when
10,1615, Robben Island
Where and who dumped mutineers in 1648
Table bay, Dutch
What did the VOC do in 1651
Issued instructions that a permanent refreshment station must be set up @ the cape to provide fresh fruit, vegetables and meat for the VOC trading ships
Who set up the refreshment station and what did he do
Jan Van Riebeeck, had a 5 year contract with the VOC - set up refreshment station = instructions = build a fort for protection against Khoi + other Europe competitors who may have same plan
How many months at sea was Van Riebeeck? Also give the date(s) he arrived + what he first did
5 months at sea aboard the Drommedaris on 6th April 1652, he first set up a mud and wooden structures for shelter and defence
What did the Dutch government need to ensure and how did they (refreshment station)
Good food so the permitted men to own land for farms, by 1655 some growing own veggies by castle
Why was most of the food at the cape brought from the Netherlands
The farms set out were not producing enough
Why did the employees at the refreshment station nearly die? Give the year and how they were saved
Nearly died of starvation in 1654 sand were saved by the arrival of a ship carrying rice from Madagascar.
How did the VOC further attempt to increase the food (give year, names and instructuions)
1657, VOC released employees from contract to start farms - gave them free hold land by the Liesbeek Valley - they were further called Free Burghers, provided with seeds, tools and loans to start - instructions = only allowed to sell products to VOC and never allowed to come into contact with the Khoi
What did the Free Burghers do
They continued to spread the land away from Table Bay into the cape - which led to to a conflict over land with the Khoi = regular and the first Dutch-Khoi war started in 1659-1660
What year did people start to talk about the settlement as a town and why
1660s, the number of buildings erected had grown around the area of the bay
What happened by the 1670s
The Dutch were getting concerned that they British and French (who also had interest in Indian ocean) may try to claim Cape
When did the French attack Saldanha bay and why
1670, to show interest in the area and how poor the Dutch defence system was
What war broke out in 1672 and what did the Dutch do and how did they back themselves
War between the Netherlands and both Britain + France, Dutch declared themselves the rightful owner owner of theCape district (included Saldanha Bay, Houtbay and Table Bay) and backed themselves by claiming they purchased the land from leader of the Khoi tribe with brandy, tobacco and bread.
How did the Cape become a British colony, list the main years with explanation
1795 -British invaded the Cape Peninsula + took control of the cape + cape town from the dutch
1803 - the colomy was briefly handed back to they dutch
1806 - but after war broke out between British and French, then the British took back control over the Cape Colony
Where were the East Indies Islands
Between Asia and Australia
True of false : the transatlantic slave trade was happening at the same time periodvbut the arrival of slaves at the cape was not directly part of this trade
TRUE!!!
Why did slaves arrive at the cape?(1672)
Number of dutch settlers rose = demand for labour rose too.
Jan Van Riebeeck said to DEIC he did not want sailors doing manual labour and said the Khoi were unreliable and requested slaves to come to the cape
Why did they Khoi get suspicious about the dutch
The Khoi helped them but then realised their settlement was growing making the suspicious and distrustful as they put their own needs aside for the Dutch
Where did slaves come from? (1672)
The DEIC (Dutch East Indian Company) traded with countries along the East Coast of Africa - the first slaves came from Angola and as the DEIC expanded in business of slavery they brung in slaves from India, the East Indies and Mozambique.
How was slave trade profitable
People formed raids + captured people to sell them as slaves, sometimes traded slaves for guns
How did slaves get to the Cape? (1672)
Some DEIC officials who worked in other countries owned slaves, when slavery = illegal in Netherlands = no officials could bring slaves with them as the returned home = when stopped @ refreshment station they sell them at the Cape for a profit
What was it like being a slave in the cape?
Have no rights, no choice
Treated badly = no marriage/family - babies of slaves = slaves
What was the “Tulbagh Code of 1754” and who was Ryk Tulbagh
Indication of all the rules slaves had to listen to, governor of the Cape colony
Name 5 rules off the Tulbagh Code of 1754
Slaves had to be indoors @ 10pm - if not had to carry a lantern
Slaves could not whistle, sing or make any other noise at night
Slaves could not meet in bars, buy alcohol or form groups of public holiday
Slaves who stopped in the street to talk to other slaves could be ridden off (canes if necessary)
Slaves were not permitted to own or carry guns
Where were slaves bought and sold
At DEIC slave auctions or private auctiones
What happened in the early 1800s when the cape was under british control (describe the 2)
2 organised but small uprisings of slaves took place
1= 1808 - 2 slaves (Louis from Mauritius + Abraham van der Caab(from the Cape)) persuaded 300 farm slaves to march to CT for freedom
2= 1825 on farm quite far from CT - some slaves led by Galant van der Caab killed the farmer + some other family members - many slaves who took part where also sentenced to death
What was the legacy of slavery split into to?
Language spoken and culture + religion
Explain Language spoken
South africa has many languages = recognise traditional languages + honour history
Afrikaans = developed as a derivative of Dutch
English = introduced by British
Various other languages were spoken by the indigenous tribes
Explain Culture + religion
Slaves = africa + Asia - brought with many diff cultures and religions that were pracrised + cooking = dutch melktert (milktart), malva pudding to Cape Malay dishes = curries+boboties + traditional african = chakalaka, potjiekos + vetkoek
Islam - one introduced to western cape due to slavery + travel + trade
Hinduism - introduced by indentured labourers from durban plantations + slaves sold @ cape as officials based in Indian colonies made way back from Europe (slavery abolished + slaves couldn’t go with)
What was the result/impact of slavery in the cape split into
Warring tribes
Disruption of traditional development
Depopulation
Explain Warring tribes
Some tribes waged war on neighbouring tribes - purpose = capturing slaves - led to confilct but before this was peaceful.
Some tribes traded slaves for guns = shift in power (African kingdoms as corrupt warlords - armed with guns, ravished the lands)
Explain Disruption of traditional development
Groups considered most valuable = woman of child-bearing age + skilled labourers
= bracket of society most able to contribute was removed from African society = young, sick and elderly left behind - lived difficult lives = struggled to hunt, trade, +maintain livestock,houses, farms etc.
Explain Depopulation
The removal of men + woman of child - bearing age = sharp decline in population of indigenous tribes
The Europeans brought diseases with them that South Africa had no immunity towards = ill -> death
Explain the story of the Free Burghers
DEIC = provided work @ cape for French + Dutch - those who completed 3 year contract could apply to become free - called = Free Burghers - could own land + slaves, played important role in development of cape
What year did the DEIC want to develop farming more and how did they do so
1685, sent people to the Cape + hoped the French would partake but only 3 French people came
Who and how did the French Huguenots come about
When 3 French came to work at cape for DEIC they were French Protestants who were persecuted (traded unfairly+cruelly) by Catholic government of France.
Dutch were also protestants - offered Huguenots new home = safe
Between 1688-1689 = 175 Huguenots - by 1729 = 279 French Huguenots
Explain the movement led by the trekboers
From late 1600s-1700s cape settlers moved further north+east from CT - led by trekboers who were looking for fresh grazing land (cattle)
Trekboers = prefered freedom of ox wagons + tents to DEIC - their trek brought constant conflict with local people, 1st met with Khoi = fought due to Boers settling + later in East met with Xhosa = fought due to loss of land
Explain the trekboers
Some owned slaves (travelled with them) + employed Khoi as servants + moved together to interior SA
Hottentots Holland Mountains = natural boundary of og cape settlements
Moved deeper into SA =Western Cape then beyond = Eastern Cape + Free state - many diff routes - spread all over beyond the og Dutch-controlled territory
= much of land they moved into = Karoo = soil not fertile (no rain) better suited to livestock, farming then to growing crops = ideal for trekboers
Why did conflict increase and in what year (trekboers)
White settlements grew
1730s trekboers + Khoi clashing in Piketberg district = local Khoi raided cattle farms - local farmers fought back `= helped by soldiers = Khoi were beaten
Explain the destructive lifestyle of the trekboers
Hunted + killed wild animlas = extinction of blauwbok and quagga populations - captured + enslaved local woman + children
Explain lifestyles and stories of trekboers
Liked small, isolated groups + freedom + independence (living away from DEIC) + hunting
When rare trip to Cape = uncomfortable for them
Saw DEIC = oppressors who taxed without giving back in return + interfered with hunting + trade with local tribes
Called trekgees (spirit of moving) - tough adventurers, poorly educated + very religious - called themselves Afrikanders, later Afrikaners
Language called die taal (the language) = early Afrikaans based on mainly dutch but also French,German,Malay + Frisian (lang related to dutch+german)
Explain Coenraad Buys life
He was accused of stealing cattle = fled British (ruled cape in 1815) - settled in western Transvaal
Polygamous marriages to many indigenous woman
Town in this area called Buysplaas (named after his descendants)
He disappeared near Limpopo river, during 19th century both trek owes + Voortrekkers called Boers (collectively)
Name the first Huguenots to settle permanently at the cape with years + the first Huguenot @ Table bay
Francois Vilion (Viljoen) - 1671
Jean de Long (Lange) - 1685
Brothers = Guillaume du Toit + Francois du Toit - 1686
First Huguenot @ table bay = Maria de la Quellerie (french Protestant) (wife of Jan Van Riebeeck)
Name the negative impacts the expansion of dutch colonies had on the Khoi/san
Dutch had smallpox from Europe but built immunity = Khoi had no resistance - 2/3 died
Free Burghers built fences (ownership) = indigenous people lost hunting + grazing lands = conflict between Dutch and Khoi (dutch advantage = had guns + won many battles) = Khoi move inland
Name 4 ways the traditional Khoi way of life changed
Khoi exposed to mission stations set by dutch
Some left community to fight again dutch
Some accept work on dutch farms = farm workers
Group of Khoi moved further away from traditional land to look for hunt + farm places
