Exam 2: Week 7 Flashcards
10 cells involved in immunity that were highlighted in lecture
- Pathogen
- Macrophage
- Antigen Presenting Cell
- T-Helper Cell
- Interleukin 1
- Interleukin 2
- Cytotoxic T-cell
- B-cells
- Memory B-cells
- Antibody Replacing Plasma Cells
What is immunology?
Study of the mechanisms that allow the body to recognize a material as foreign and neutralize it
Why is immunity important?
What happens if it doesn’t work?
- Protects the body from infection and disease
- Failure results in localized or systemic infection or disease
4 types of immunity
- Innate- natural or native
- Acquired- adaptive or specific
- Active acquired- antigen present in host, naturally or by vaccination
- Passive acquired- antibodies transferred from another ie. Mother to baby, immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Which type of immunity is the body’s first line of defense?
describe (2)
Innate
- Bodies first line of defense against pathogen- inflammatory response
- Phagocytic cell release, inflammatory mediators, NK cells- non-specific response with no memory created
What are 2 important qualities of acquired immunity?
- Specificity- recognize and destroy foreign objects while preventing proliferation
- Memory- same invader enters the body the response is ready with a more rapid and stronger reaction
How long does active acquired immunity last?
Most cases last a lifetime or booster may be required
How long does passive acquired immunty typically last?
temporary
What is an antigen?
Foreign substance that enters the body-
such as bacteria, virus, parasite, etc.
What is an epitope?
Subunit of an antigen
•create antigen response with antibody

Factors that can affect immunity (13)
- Aging
- Nutrition
- Environmental pollution
- Trauma or illness
- Medications
- Spleen function
- Stress
- Psychosocial factors
- Burns
- Surgery
- Socioeconomic status
- Spirituality
- Exercise
What is the first and most important thing that immune cells (such as T-cells) must be able to do?
Be able to recognize self
What is so special about cell markers? (3)
- Cell markers unique to individual antigen
- Cell markers determine which antigen to respond to and how strong
- Cell markers allow communication between immune cells
What is the purpose of phagocytes? What cells are primarily phagocytes?
- Ingest and kill microorganisms
- Neutrophils and monocytes are primary
What cells are considered granulocytes and why?
Leukocytes or WBC’s- because of appearance
5 types of whte blood cells important to immunity in the order of their population size
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
What do neutrophils do?
kill antigen by ingesting then die and form pus
Why do I care about Lymphocytes?
They make up the T-cells and B-cells
What do Monocytes do? (2)
- They turn to macrophages and engulf debris and injured bacteria
- Present material (epitope) of pathogen to lymphocyte or helper cell
What do eosinophils do? (2)
Where are they produced?
- Produced in bone marrow, they release contents of granules to kill organisms
- Present for allergen and parasites specifically or for large organisms
What do basophils do? (2)
- Found in stem cells, they work with Mast cells (contain histamine)
- Vasodilation and increased blood flow delivering primary phagocytes
How are erythrocytes and platelets involved in innate immunity?
Play a role in clearance of byproducts
Pathogen
Where does it come from?
What is it’s purpose?
- Microorganism that comes from outside the host. Can be a virus, bacteria, fungi, ect.
- To search and destroy (basically)
Macrophage
Where does it come from?
What is it’s purpose?
- Come from Monocytes which are produced in bone marrow
- Macrophages are attracted to site of injury by chemotatic factors released by neutrophils. They eventually take over for neutrophils and kick some ass by cleaning up site through phagocytosis, promoting angiogenesis, and releasing cytokines, and growth factors which all eventually lead to renewal of the injured area



