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Thompson class fall 2015 > Exam 1: Week 2 Wednesday > Flashcards

Exam 1: Week 2 Wednesday Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of Systemic Disorders (6)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Fatigue/Malaise
  3. Abnormal sensation
  4. Weight loss
  5. Change in mentation
  6. Insidious onset
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2
Q

What kind of rhythm does body temperature have? (1)

Details? (3)

when is body temp cooler/warmer?

When do pt’s usually run a fever?

What temperature is a concern?

A

Rhythm: a circadian rhythm

Details:

  1. Cooler in morning ~ 97⁰, warmer in evening ~99.3⁰
  2. Typically patients run a fever at night/afternoon
  3. Not a concern until 100-101⁰F for non-elderly
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3
Q

At what temp should we be concerned about an elderly person’s health?

A

99-100 degrees F

because fear of pneumonia is greater

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4
Q

What can occur with increased body temperature? (2)

A
  1. change in mentation
  2. convulsion if above 104 - 106
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5
Q

Topics to explore if a person complains of fatigue (4)

A
  1. Fatigue all the time?
  2. What time of day?
  3. No longer able to do certain activities due to fatigue?
  4. Explore Hx or changes in:
    • work,
    • family,
    • social,
    • physical activity level,
    • stress
    • recent illness

Everyone gets tired at times, so we want to explore if this is unusual lethargy (a concern) or normal for the circumstances)

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6
Q

What is Malaise?

A
  • Overall Feeling of general illness
    1. Decreased energy level,
    2. decreased functional ability,
    3. decreased motivation
  • General uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify

Extras:

  • a good way to describe how pts with fibromyalgia or lupus feel
  • Arguably Dr. Bringman’s favorite word!
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7
Q

What to screen if patient presents with Paresthesia, Numbness, Weakness, other Weird Sensation? (5)

A
  1. Sensory:
    • Dermatomes
    • Sharp/dull, 1 point/2 point discrimination, hot/cold
  2. Myotomes
    • general to specific if necessary
  3. Reflexes:
    • Lower and upper motor neurons
  4. Balance/Coordination:
    • Seated, standing, static, dynamic (balance)
    • finger to nose, heal up shin, Romberg test, etc. (coord)
  5. Proprioception-
    • Position in space (static)
    • dynamic movement replication
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8
Q

If patient has recent weight loss, what objective finding will alert you to explore further?

A

5% body weight loss or more without explanation associated or unassociated symptoms

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9
Q

Some things that can lead to weight gain (6)

A
  1. Swelling
  2. fluid retention
  3. kidney issues
  4. liver issues
  5. CHF
  6. medication (ie. steroids, hormone replacement, contraceptives, depression meds [SSRI])
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10
Q

Possible changes in mentation (6)

(things to assess for changes in mentation)

A
  1. A and O X 3 or 4 (person, place, time and event)
  2. Attention span
  3. Memory (long and/or short term)
  4. Level of Consciousnes:
    • Loss of consciousness —- alertness
  5. Thought process
  6. Judgement (could present as decreased safety awareness)
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11
Q

Five pathologies a patient may see a PT for first, but need to be referred back to physician for med management and/or additional testing

(if an MD isn’t already managing them)

A
  1. OA
  2. RA
  3. SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus)
  4. Reactive arthritis
  5. Septic arthritis
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12
Q

Health History Risk Factors for RA (4)

A
  1. Autoimmune thyroid disorders
  2. History of fertility issues
  3. Positive family history
  4. Typically occurs after 40 years old
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13
Q

7 parts of RA classification system for RA

A
  1. Morning stiffness for greater than 1 hour
  2. Arthritis of 3 or more joints
  3. Arthritis of hands
  4. Symmetric arthritis
  5. Rheumatoid nodules
  6. Radiographic changes (Erosion, decalcification)
  7. Serum rheumatoid factor (> 5% of normals)
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14
Q

Health History Risk Factors for SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus) (4)

A
  1. Infection (viral)
  2. Sunlight or UV light exposure
  3. Medications (hydralazine, anticonvulsants, Penicillin)
  4. Positive family history
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15
Q

Health History Risk Factors for Gout (3-10)

and Three symptoms

A
  1. Renal disorder with increased uric acid
  2. Hx of:
    1. Leukemia,
    2. lymphoma,
    3. psoriasis,
    4. chemotherapy
    5. hypothyroidism
    6. alcohol use
    7. diuretics
  3. Positive family history

a few symptoms: Fever, malaise, tachycardia

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16
Q

Some symptoms of lupus (not exhaustive) (11)

A
  1. persistent or unusual headaches
  2. dry or puffy eyes
  3. butterfly rash over cheeks or bridge of nose
  4. blood in urine
  5. unexplained fevers
  6. fatigue
  7. fingers, toes, or tip of nose become white when cold or stressed pain and
  8. swelling of legs, joints, or feet
  9. peripheral neuropathy
  10. photosensitivity
  11. dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
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17
Q

History Risk Factors Psoriatic Arthritis (2)

A
  1. Psoriasis (1/3 of people with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis)
  2. Positive family history

*autoimmune disease that presents similarly to RA

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18
Q

History Risk Factors Reiter’s Syndrome (3)

A
  1. More common in males
  2. Venereal (STIs) or dysenteric (intenstial) infection
  3. No family history
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19
Q

History Risk Factors for Septic Arthritis (4)

A
  1. Systemic corticosteroid use
  2. DM (Diabetes)
  3. Infection elsewhere in the body
  4. Direct penetrating joint trauma (injections etc)
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20
Q

What is Psoriatic Arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease that has a similar presentation to RA. Systemic. Symptoms include fever and fatigue/

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21
Q

What is Reiter’s Syndrome?

A

Reactive arthritis typically caused by a bacterial infection. Typically comes from Gonorrhea or Chlamydia.

  1. Will often have burning sensation when urinating
  2. May have conjunctivitis
  3. May have nausea/vomitting
  4. May have weightloss
  5. May deny exposure to possible VD

*Need to be referred. Need antibiotics

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22
Q

What is Septic Arthritis?

Definition:

2 symptoms?

common population?

A

An intensely painful infection in a joint. Joint can become infected with germs that travel through bloodstream from another part of body.

  • Most common in Infants and older adults
  • Joint may be swollen, red and warm,
  • pt. might have a fever.
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23
Q

Who is most likely to have Ankylosing Spondylitis (3) How is it diagnosed? (1)

A
  1. Develops teens through 40s
  2. Males 2-3 more likely than females
  3. Positive family history

*Diagnosed with classification system and positive radiograph

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24
Q

Symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis (9)

A
  1. Radiographs will show “bamboo” spine
  2. morning stiffness > 30 min
  3. Improvement in back pain with exercise, but not with rest.
  4. Night pain during second half of night only
  5. Alternating buttock pain
  6. Fatigue
  7. weight loss
  8. fever
  9. malaise
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25
Q

Possible cause for single or multi-limb pain (8)

A
  1. Hypothyroidism
  2. Lyme disease
  3. Statin related myopathies
  4. Vascular claudication
  5. neurogenic claudication (spinal stenosis)
  6. Stress fracture
  7. DVT
  8. Compartment syndrome
26
Q

Limb Pain: The difference between Neurogenic cause and Vascular Claudication when evaluating pt. after walking

A

Neurogenic: weakness Vascular

Claudication: unchanged

27
Q

Limb Pain: The difference between Neurogenic cause and Vascular Claudication with palliative (relieving pain) factors

A

Neurogenic: bending over, sitting

Vascular Claudication: stopping

28
Q

Limb Pain: The difference between Neurogenic cause and Vascular Claudication with provocative factors

A

Neurogenic: walking downhill, increased lordosis

Vascular Claudication: walking uphill, increased metabolic demand

29
Q

Limb Pain: The difference between Neurogenic cause and Vascular Claudication when checking pulses

A

Neurogenic: present

Vascular Claudication: absent

30
Q

Limb Pain: The difference between Neurogenic cause and Vascular Claudication with the “shopping cart” sign

Shopping cart sign: Shopping at grocery store and start to feel bad: if you lean over shopping cart, do symptoms go away?

If they go away it indicates a neurogenic cause.

A

Neurogenic: present

Vascular Claudication: absent

31
Q

Limb Pain: The difference between Neurogenic cause and Vascular Claudication with van Gelderen bicycle test (add extension and flexion component to use of stationary bike)

A

Neurogenic: no leg pain

Vascular Claudication: leg pain

Van Gelderen bicycle test: put on bicycle test, 5 min warm up; extend back while riding back, lean forward while riding bike. If symptoms go away in flexed position, then it is neurogenic. In what position do symptoms get better or worse?

32
Q

Common features of pathological limb pain (9)

A
  1. Aching
  2. cramping
  3. weakness
  4. stiffness
  5. Often multiple limbs
  6. Symptom migration
  7. Insidious onset
  8. Non-mechanical pattern
  9. Prolonged morning stiffness> 30 min
33
Q

What is the preferred spinal direction with spinal stenosis?

A

flexion

34
Q

Primary suspects for Multi-limb complaints for spinal origin (1) and systemic origin (5)

A
  • Spinal origin
    1. Central cord compression
  • Systemic Disease
    1. Hypothyroidism
    2. Lyme disease
    3. Polymyalgia Rheumatica
    4. Statin drugs
35
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Review of symptoms: (7)

Systems Review: (7)

A
  • Review of Systems:
    1. Typically female
    2. Fatigue
    3. weight gain
    4. Cold intolerance
    5. Menstrual irregularities
    6. Hair loss
    7. Brittle nails
  • Systems Review:
    1. Bradycardia
    2. Pallor
    3. Obesity (typically no more than 20lb. gain)
    4. Proximal muscle weakness
    5. Hypo-reflexive
    6. Dry skin general
    7. myalgia if untreated
36
Q

Symptoms of Lyme disease (6 always, plus 5 in late stages)

A

•Always

  1. Exposure to tick
  2. Fatigue,
  3. fever/chills
  4. Peripheral neuritis
  5. Erythema Migrans Rash (see picture)
  6. Migraines?

Later stages:

  1. cranial neuropathies,
  2. encephalitis,
  3. neck stiffness with cervical flexion -
  4. joint pain,
  5. muscles aches
37
Q

Symptoms of Polymyalgia Rheumatica (8)

A
  1. More females than males
  2. Bilateral pain and stiffness
  3. Fatigue,
  4. weight loss,
  5. low grade fever
  6. Diffuse edema, possible pitting edema in dorsum of hands/feet
  7. worse in morning
  8. average onset is age 73
38
Q

What is Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A

an uncommon inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness. cause unknown

39
Q

Symptoms of Statin Related Myopathy (6)

A
  1. Advanced age,
  2. women > men
  3. Frail health, immunosuppressed
  4. Weakness
  5. Muscle edema
  6. Generalized muscle aching/pain
40
Q

What question should you ask if you suspect statin related myopathy?

A

Have you had any recent change in your medication?

41
Q

4 Pathological Neck Conditions

A
  1. Cervical Myelopathy
  2. Neoplastic Condition
  3. Cervical Ligamentous Instability
  4. Vertebral Artery Insufficiency (5 Ds)
42
Q

Symptoms of Cervical Myelopathy (8)

A
  1. Sensory disturbance of hands
  2. Muscle wasting of hand
  3. Unsteady gait
  4. Hoffman’s reflex (flick the finger)
  5. Hyperreflexia
  6. Bowel/Bladder issues
  7. Multi-segmental
  8. weakness/sensory changes
43
Q

Symptoms of Neoplastic Condition (4)

A
  1. History of Cancer
  2. Unexplained weight loss
  3. Constant pain
  4. Night pain
44
Q

What is Neoplastic Condition?

A

The word neoplasm, meaning new growth in Greek, refers to any abnormal growth, whether malignant or benign. Neoplastic disease refers to both malignant and benign growths. All types of cancer fall into the category of malignant neoplastic diseases.

45
Q

Symptoms of Cervical Ligamentous Instability (3)

A
  1. Occipital headache/numbness
  2. Limited Cervical AROM
  3. Cervical myelopathy signs

Want to add: recent trauma [MVA], RA, Down Syndrome, another condition I can’t remember)

46
Q

Symptoms of Vertebral Artery Insufficiency (2-7)

A
  • 5 Ds:
    1. Dizziness,
    2. Drop attacks,
    3. Dysphasia,
    4. Dysarthria,
    5. Diplopia
  • Cranial Nerve signs
47
Q

What special tests check for cervical instability?

A

Sharp-Purser test

Alar ligament test

48
Q

Categories of Dizziness (4)

A
  1. Vertigo and nystagmus: sensation of spinning
  2. Dysequilibrium: unsteadiness or imbalance without vertigo
  3. Presyncope: near fainting; lightheadedness
  4. Non-specific Psychophysiologic: multifactorial
49
Q

Symptoms of Vertigo and nystagmus (7)

A
  1. sensation of spinning
  2. Diaphoresis (sweating)
  3. pallor
  4. nausea and vomiting
  5. fullness in ears
  6. tinnitus
  7. hearing loss
50
Q

Symptoms of Dysequilibrium (What is it? and what does it affect? [6])

A

Unsteadiness or imbalance without vertigo

Affects

  1. somatosensory
  2. visual,
  3. cerebellum,
  4. aging brain
  5. Muscle weakness
  6. Lack of corrective ROM Reaction time
51
Q

Symptoms of Presyncope (9) (including what presyncope is)

A
  1. near fainting; lightheadedness
  2. Woozy
  3. blurred vision
  4. nausea/vomiting
  5. diaphoresis
  6. pallor
  7. HA
  8. giddiness
  9. paresthesia
52
Q

Possible systems/causes of a person experiencing presyncope (5)

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. metabolic
  3. vasovagal
  4. medication
  5. stress induced
53
Q

Symptoms or pt. description of Non-specific Psychophysiologic dizziness (3)

A
  1. Floating, rocking, or swimming sensations
  2. removed from the body
  3. giddiness
54
Q

Possible reasons a person may experience non-specific psychophysiologic dizziness (6)

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. motion sickness
  3. pain disorders
  4. personality disorders
  5. depression
  6. agoraphobia
55
Q

Possible Causes of Dizziness in Infants/Toddlers (4)

Appropriate Action by Provider (1)

A

Differential Diagnosis:

  1. BPPV and Vestibular Migraine (50%)
    • Headache,
    • fever,
    • nausea/vomiting
  2. Vestibular Neuritis
  3. Brainstem or Cerebellar tumor
  4. TBI
    • Children 0-4 y/o high risk for TBI

Action by Provider

  • Given prevalence of brain tumor in children-MRI may be warranted.
56
Q

Possible Causes of Dizziness in Children and Adolescents - with percentages if you want (7)

Action by Provider: (3)

A

Differential Diagnosis

  1. Vertiginous migraine (39%)
  2. BPPV (15%)
  3. Vestibular neuritis-ear infection (14%)
  4. Anxiety (13%)
  5. Orthostatic Hypotension (9%)
  6. Concussion (3%)
  7. Seizure, Syncope, Non-specific (2%)

Action by Provider

  1. Laboratory tests
  2. Electroencephalography
  3. MRI
57
Q

Possible Causes of Dizziness in Adults (3)

Action by Provider: (2)

A

Differential Diagnosis

  1. Vestibular neuritis (labyrinthitis)
  2. BPPV
  3. PresyncopalConditions

Action by Provider

  1. Ear infection with acute dizziness warrants ENT referral
  2. Attempt to differentiate between central and peripheral vestibular conditions
58
Q

Possible Causes of Dizziness in Older Adults >65 (2)

Action by Provider: (1)

A

Differential Diagnosis

  1. BPPV
  2. Presyncopal (orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmias, ect..)

Action by Provider

  1. Must rule out presyncopal conditions (orthostatic hypotension, vascular disease, arrhythmia) in this age group b/c it could be life threatening.
59
Q

Name the 4 most common reasons for physical therapy

A
  1. Back pain
  2. Neck pain
  3. Knee pain
  4. Shoulder pain
60
Q

Health History Risk Factors for OA (4)

A
  1. Joint infection,
  2. trauma,
  3. over use
  4. lifestyle

*No family history involvement (in contrast to RA)

61
Q

What is “shopping cart sign”?

A

Shopping cart sign: Shopping at grocery store and start to feel bad: if you lean over shopping cart, do symptoms go away?

If symptoms go away, it is indicative of a neurogenic cause of leg pain

Thompson class fall 2015 (12 decks)

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