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Visceral Disorders > Exam 2 - WBC > Flashcards

Exam 2 - WBC Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells in our body form the first line of defense from invading micro-organisms?

A

WBCs (leukocytes)

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2
Q

What distinguishes a WBC from a RBC?

A

WBCs have a nucleus

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3
Q

What are the two major groups of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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4
Q

What types of WBCs are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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5
Q

What types of WBCs are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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6
Q

What is the term for the process by which WBCs differentiate and proliferate?

A

Leukopoiesis

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7
Q

Where does WBC differentiation and proliferation occur?

A

Bone marrow (except for lymphocytes which can take place in the thymus, as well)

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8
Q

Which type of WBC can also develop in the thymus as well as the bone marrow?

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

How long does it take to get from a blast stage of a WBC to a mature stage and enter peripheral blood?

A

14 days

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10
Q

What type of WBC functions in allergies, drug reactions, and parasitic reactions?

A

Eosinophils

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11
Q

Which WBC contains histamine and heparin and functions in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Which WBC has the function to combat pyogenic infections?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

Which WBC functions to fight off viral infections?

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

To help neutrophils

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15
Q

What is another term of neutrophilic leukocytosis?

A

Neutrophilia

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16
Q

What is diagnostic for leukopenia?

A

WBC count falling below 5,000

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17
Q

Is a fever with a high white blood cell count usually bacterial or viral?

A

Bacterial

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18
Q

Is a low to moderate fever with decreased WBCs usually bacterial or viral?

A

Viral (antibiotics do the same)

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19
Q

Which tend to be worse: bacterial or viral infections?

A

Bacterial

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20
Q

How many WBCs are counted by a tech to arrive at a differential?

A

100

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21
Q

What is the difference between a left and right shift when classifying white blood cells?

A

Right = more mature cells, Left = more immature cells like blasts and pros

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22
Q

What are segs?

A

Neutrophils (segmented cells)

23
Q

What is the first line of defense for neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis

24
Q

Hyper segmented neutrophils are seen with what kind of anemia?

A

Megaloblastic

25
Q

Increased bands means a WBC shift in which direction?

A

Left (seen with infections/inflammation)

26
Q

What is the difference in function between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes?

A

B = tag foreign bodies and antibody production; T = kill foreign bodies

27
Q

What is the final maturation stage of B lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cell

28
Q

Are the majority of lymphocytes long or short lived?

A

Long (as long as 10 years)

29
Q

Which is responsible for humoral immunity: B or T lymphocytes? Cellular immunity?

A

Humoral = B; Cellular = T

30
Q

Lymphophilia is more commonly due to what type of infection?

A

Viral

31
Q

An inverted ratio (lymphocytes > neutrophils) is normal up to what age?

A

9 YOA (while still developing immunity)

32
Q

What is an inverted ratio of WBC?

A

When lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils/segs

33
Q

An inverted ratio is seen with what type of infection?

A

Viral, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemoid reaction (increased lymphocytes)

34
Q

Lymphopenia is seen with which conditions?

A

AIDS, hodgkin’s, and bacterial infections

35
Q

What is another term for atypical lymphocytes?

A

Reactive lymphs, Downey cells, virocytes

36
Q

What kinds of lymphocytes are seen with mononucleosis?

A

Atypical/Downey cells

37
Q

What specimen is responsible for mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

38
Q

What is the most common population to be affected by mono?

A

Adolescents and young adults

39
Q

What is the test done for mono diagnosis?

A

Monospot (heterophil AB)

40
Q

What is another name for mono?

A

Kissing disease

41
Q

What other area of the body is important to monitor with a patient who has mono?

A

Abdomen (possible complications of liver and spleen)

42
Q

How can we tell the difference between early and late mono?

A

Early - leukopenia; Late - leukocytosis

43
Q

AIDS/HIV is marked by a decrease in which cell type?

A

T helper cells (determined by CD4 count)

44
Q

HIV/AIDS leads to an increased likelihood of what other conditions?

A

Opportunistic infections

45
Q

What is the diagnostic requirement for AIDS?

A

CD4 count below 200 due to advanced HIV disease

46
Q

What is the normal range for CD4 cells?

A

600-1,500

47
Q

What does a CD4 cell level tell us?

A

How well the immune system can fight off infection

48
Q

What test measures the amount of HIV in the blood and how much it’s progressing?

A

Viral load

49
Q

What is the tumor associated with AIDS that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

50
Q

What is the most common opportunistic infection seen in HIV/AIDS patients?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

51
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Purple, red, or brown blotches or tumors on the skin

52
Q

When do we see increased monocyte?

A

Acute infection recovery, monocytic leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, TB

53
Q

Which WBC contains histamine?

A

Eosinophils

Visceral Disorders (7 decks)

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