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Visceral Disorders > Blood Cancers > Flashcards

Blood Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of leukemia is unique in that it most commonly occurs in patients under 20 years of age?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (95% under 20)

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2
Q

What is the term for increased lymphocytes? Decreased?

A

Increased = leukocytosis, Decreased = leukopenia

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3
Q

What is the general definition of leukemia?

A

Unregulated accumulation of immature cells in the marrow and lymph tissue

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4
Q

What is the usually number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of peripheral blood with leukemia?

A

Greater than 50,000

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5
Q

Is acute or chronic leukemia more common?

A

Acute slightly more

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6
Q

Does the presence or absence of blast and pros indicate acute leukemia?

A

Acute = presence, Chronic = absence

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7
Q

ALL demonstrates a proliferation of which cell type? AML?

A

ALL = lymphoblasts, AML = myeloblasts

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8
Q

Which is more likely to be fatal and therefore is more severe: acute or chronic leukemia without remission?

A

Acute (usually within 3 months)

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9
Q

What are possible predominate cell types seen with non-lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

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10
Q

What are the 4 major types of leukemia?

A

Acute lymphocytic (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic (CLL), chronic myeloid (CML)

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11
Q

What is the gender bias for all leukemia types?

A

Males

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12
Q

Which cell type tends to be the most common predominate cell type with AML?

A

Neutrophils (assume this unless noted otherwise)

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13
Q

Is there a proliferation of blasts and pros for acute or chronic leukemia?

A

Acute!

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14
Q

What is another name for acute lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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15
Q

What is the most common leukemia in adults?

A

AML

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16
Q

What does decreased segs mean on a CBC?

A

Decreased neutrophils

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17
Q

What radiographic feature can be indicative of leukemia?

A

Radiolucent submetaphyseal band (also could be neuroblastoma, scurvy, syphilis)

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18
Q

The Philadelphia chromosome is indicative of which leukemia in 90% of cases?

A

CML

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19
Q

Which has a worse prognosis: CML or CLL?

A

CML

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20
Q

CML patients have low levels of which substance?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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21
Q

Which patient has a better prognosis with CML: one with the Philadelphia chromosome or one without?

A

WITH

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22
Q

What is a leukemoid reaction?

A

An elevated white blood cell count/leukocytosis that is a physiological response to stress/infection (NOT actual leukemia)

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23
Q

What is another name for a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction

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24
Q

Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction mimics what type of leukemia?

A

CML

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25
Q

What characterizes a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Neutrophilia with a left shift

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26
Q

How can we differentiate CML from a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Alkaline leukocyte phosphatase levels, Philadelphia chromosome, bone marrow findings

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27
Q

What is the difference between alkaline leukocyte phosphatase levels comparing CML to a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Normal to elevated with leukemoid, Decreased with CML

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28
Q

What is the difference with the Philadelphia chromosome when comparing CML to a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Present with CML, Absent with leukemoid reaction

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29
Q

What is the difference with bone marrow findings when comparing CML to a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Present with CML, Absent with leukemoid reaction

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30
Q

When WBC count is below 50K, is it usually a leukemia or leukemoid reaction?

A

Usually leukemoid reaction….

31
Q

What are the types of myleocytic leukemoid reactions?

A

Neutrophilic (assume this one always), eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytic

32
Q

What characterizes a lymphocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Lymphocytosis (lymphs > segs)

33
Q

Which has a better prognosis: non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin

34
Q

What is the difference in location for leukemia vs lymphoma?

A

Leukemia = blood and bone marrow, Lymphoma = lymph nodes/organs like the spleen and liver

35
Q

What is a common early sign of Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

PAINLESS enlargement of one or more lymph nodes

36
Q

Does an enlarged lymph node always indicate cancer?

A

NO - could be a result of inflammation in the body

37
Q

What a a unique symptom of lymphoma?

A

Pain in lymph nodes after drinking alcohol

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of lymphoma?

A

1 limited to one set of nodes 2 more than one site on one side of diaphragm 3 both sides of diaphragm 4 other organs like bone marrow/liver

39
Q

What type of lymphoma involves Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

HODGKIN (any lymphoma that doesn’t non-Hodgkin)

40
Q

Malignancy of which cell type is involved with Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

B cells

41
Q

What is the hallmark sign for Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Reed sternberg cells

42
Q

What is the gender bias for Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Males

43
Q

How is Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

44
Q

What is the MC age for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

15-35 and after 50

45
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is associated with what other ailment?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

46
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for ivory vertebra?

A

Paget’s disease, blastic mets, lymphoma

47
Q

What is the usual reason we can tell when an ivory vertebra is from Paget’s?

A

Bone enlargement = Paget’s

48
Q

When visualizing ivory vertebra on a patient’s X-ray, what clinical feature can help us identity the cause?

A

AGE (younger patients = lymphoma most likely)

49
Q

Malignancy of which cells are involved with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

B and T cells (usually B)

50
Q

Which tends to more commonly affect a younger population: Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin

51
Q

What are the 4 T’s of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma

52
Q

What percent of lymphoma patients will have mediastina lymph node enlargement?

A

HALF

53
Q

Is it a better prognosis for a patient to have calcium present in nodules seen upon a chest X-ray?

A

Yes; calcium increases likelihood of it being benign and probably from an old infection

54
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells primarily in the bone marrow

55
Q

What is the gender bias for MM?

A

Males

56
Q

What is the racial bias for MM?

A

Twice as common in African-Americans

57
Q

What is the most common symptom for MM?

A

Bone pain

58
Q

What is the most common radiographic finding for MM?

A

Rain drop skull (also pathologic fractures)

59
Q

What is another name for MM?

A

Kahler’s disease

60
Q

How is ESR affected by MM?

A

Elevated

61
Q

What is the finding seen with PEP that is diagnostic for MM?

A

M spike

62
Q

What is the median survival time for MM?

A

3 years

63
Q

What does CRAB stand for with MM?

A

Elevated Calcium, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesion

64
Q

What proteins are seen in the proteinuria involving MM?

A

Bence Jones

65
Q

What would be the order of evaluation for lytic mets?

A

Old films –> bone scan –> MRI –> biopsy

66
Q

What would be the order of evaluation for MM?

A

PEP –> skeletal survey –> MRI –> biopsy

67
Q

Rain drop skull upon X-ray is indicative of what condition?

A

MM

68
Q

Osteoporosis circumscripta is indicative of what condition?

A

Paget’s

69
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

70
Q

What substance regulates the production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin

71
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Protect vascular integrity and initiate repair when vessels are damaged

72
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

Bone marrow

73
Q

What is the overall impact of platelet disorders?

A

Prolonged bleeding time and poor clot retraction

74
Q

What is the term for decreased platelets?

A

Thrombocytopenia

Visceral Disorders (7 decks)

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