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Blood Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of leukemia is unique in that it most commonly occurs in patients under 20 years of age?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (95% under 20)

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2
Q

What is the term for increased lymphocytes? Decreased?

A

Increased = leukocytosis, Decreased = leukopenia

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3
Q

What is the general definition of leukemia?

A

Unregulated accumulation of immature cells in the marrow and lymph tissue

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4
Q

What is the usually number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of peripheral blood with leukemia?

A

Greater than 50,000

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5
Q

Is acute or chronic leukemia more common?

A

Acute slightly more

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6
Q

Does the presence or absence of blast and pros indicate acute leukemia?

A

Acute = presence, Chronic = absence

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7
Q

ALL demonstrates a proliferation of which cell type? AML?

A

ALL = lymphoblasts, AML = myeloblasts

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8
Q

Which is more likely to be fatal and therefore is more severe: acute or chronic leukemia without remission?

A

Acute (usually within 3 months)

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9
Q

What are possible predominate cell types seen with non-lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

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10
Q

What are the 4 major types of leukemia?

A

Acute lymphocytic (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic (CLL), chronic myeloid (CML)

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11
Q

What is the gender bias for all leukemia types?

A

Males

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12
Q

Which cell type tends to be the most common predominate cell type with AML?

A

Neutrophils (assume this unless noted otherwise)

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13
Q

Is there a proliferation of blasts and pros for acute or chronic leukemia?

A

Acute!

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14
Q

What is another name for acute lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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15
Q

What is the most common leukemia in adults?

A

AML

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16
Q

What does decreased segs mean on a CBC?

A

Decreased neutrophils

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17
Q

What radiographic feature can be indicative of leukemia?

A

Radiolucent submetaphyseal band (also could be neuroblastoma, scurvy, syphilis)

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18
Q

The Philadelphia chromosome is indicative of which leukemia in 90% of cases?

A

CML

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19
Q

Which has a worse prognosis: CML or CLL?

A

CML

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20
Q

CML patients have low levels of which substance?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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21
Q

Which patient has a better prognosis with CML: one with the Philadelphia chromosome or one without?

A

WITH

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22
Q

What is a leukemoid reaction?

A

An elevated white blood cell count/leukocytosis that is a physiological response to stress/infection (NOT actual leukemia)

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23
Q

What is another name for a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?

A

Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction

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24
Q

Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction mimics what type of leukemia?

A

CML

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25
What characterizes a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?
Neutrophilia with a left shift
26
How can we differentiate CML from a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?
Alkaline leukocyte phosphatase levels, Philadelphia chromosome, bone marrow findings
27
What is the difference between alkaline leukocyte phosphatase levels comparing CML to a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?
Normal to elevated with leukemoid, Decreased with CML
28
What is the difference with the Philadelphia chromosome when comparing CML to a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?
Present with CML, Absent with leukemoid reaction
29
What is the difference with bone marrow findings when comparing CML to a myelocytic leukemoid reaction?
Present with CML, Absent with leukemoid reaction
30
When WBC count is below 50K, is it usually a leukemia or leukemoid reaction?
Usually leukemoid reaction....
31
What are the types of myleocytic leukemoid reactions?
Neutrophilic (assume this one always), eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytic
32
What characterizes a lymphocytic leukemoid reaction?
Lymphocytosis (lymphs > segs)
33
Which has a better prognosis: non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma?
Hodgkin
34
What is the difference in location for leukemia vs lymphoma?
Leukemia = blood and bone marrow, Lymphoma = lymph nodes/organs like the spleen and liver
35
What is a common early sign of Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
PAINLESS enlargement of one or more lymph nodes
36
Does an enlarged lymph node always indicate cancer?
NO - could be a result of inflammation in the body
37
What a a unique symptom of lymphoma?
Pain in lymph nodes after drinking alcohol
38
What are the 4 stages of lymphoma?
1 limited to one set of nodes 2 more than one site on one side of diaphragm 3 both sides of diaphragm 4 other organs like bone marrow/liver
39
What type of lymphoma involves Reed-Sternberg cells?
HODGKIN (any lymphoma that doesn't non-Hodgkin)
40
Malignancy of which cell type is involved with Hodgkin lymphoma?
B cells
41
What is the hallmark sign for Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed sternberg cells
42
What is the gender bias for Hodgkin lymphoma?
Males
43
How is Hodgkin's lymphoma diagnosed?
Biopsy
44
What is the MC age for Hodgkin's lymphoma?
15-35 and after 50
45
Hodgkin's lymphoma is associated with what other ailment?
Epstein-Barr virus
46
What is the differential diagnosis for ivory vertebra?
Paget's disease, blastic mets, lymphoma
47
What is the usual reason we can tell when an ivory vertebra is from Paget's?
Bone enlargement = Paget's
48
When visualizing ivory vertebra on a patient's X-ray, what clinical feature can help us identity the cause?
AGE (younger patients = lymphoma most likely)
49
Malignancy of which cells are involved with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
B and T cells (usually B)
50
Which tends to more commonly affect a younger population: Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Hodgkin
51
What are the 4 T's of the anterior mediastinum?
Thymoma, teratoma, thyroid, terrible lymphoma
52
What percent of lymphoma patients will have mediastina lymph node enlargement?
HALF
53
Is it a better prognosis for a patient to have calcium present in nodules seen upon a chest X-ray?
Yes; calcium increases likelihood of it being benign and probably from an old infection
54
What is multiple myeloma?
Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells primarily in the bone marrow
55
What is the gender bias for MM?
Males
56
What is the racial bias for MM?
Twice as common in African-Americans
57
What is the most common symptom for MM?
Bone pain
58
What is the most common radiographic finding for MM?
Rain drop skull (also pathologic fractures)
59
What is another name for MM?
Kahler's disease
60
How is ESR affected by MM?
Elevated
61
What is the finding seen with PEP that is diagnostic for MM?
M spike
62
What is the median survival time for MM?
3 years
63
What does CRAB stand for with MM?
Elevated Calcium, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesion
64
What proteins are seen in the proteinuria involving MM?
Bence Jones
65
What would be the order of evaluation for lytic mets?
Old films --> bone scan --> MRI --> biopsy
66
What would be the order of evaluation for MM?
PEP --> skeletal survey --> MRI --> biopsy
67
Rain drop skull upon X-ray is indicative of what condition?
MM
68
Osteoporosis circumscripta is indicative of what condition?
Paget's
69
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
70
What substance regulates the production of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
71
What is the function of platelets?
Protect vascular integrity and initiate repair when vessels are damaged
72
Where are platelets produced?
Bone marrow
73
What is the overall impact of platelet disorders?
Prolonged bleeding time and poor clot retraction
74
What is the term for decreased platelets?
Thrombocytopenia

Visceral Disorders (7 decks)

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