Exam 2 - Typical & Atypical Development

Question 1

Piaget - Stage 1 -4
Critiques?

Answer 1

Stage 1- Sensorimotor period birth to 2 years
Stage 2 - Preoperational period 2-7
Stage 3 - Concrete operational period 7-11
Stage 4 - Formal operational period 11-adult

Development is continuous/not in stages
only 1/3 of adults reach formal operations

Question 2

Biopsychosocial Model - discuss?

Answer 2

Biological - physical health, disability, genetics
Social - family, school, peers
Psychological - coping skills, self esteem, social skills.

Question 3

Gardner’s 8 Multiple Intelligences - everyone has their strengths and weaknesses - let’s play into it! What are some examples of intelligences?

Answer 3

Bodily-kinesthetic
Musical-rhythmic
Logical-mathematical
Verbal-linguistic
Interpersonal
Visual-spatial
Naturalistic.

Question 4

More than 50% of a newborn’s neurons will be eliminated during pruning and apoptosis.

Question 5

What’s the difference between a developmental delay versus a progressive neurological disorder?

Answer 5

Developmental delay is linear progression at a lower level than typical.
Progressive neurologic disorder is someone who starts off on the typical projectory and then falls off and doesn’t return.

Question 6

Difference between growth and development

Answer 6

Growth - objective measureable increase in body size
Development - advances in 4 domains.

Question 7

Which domain has the least correlation with cognition?

Answer 7

Gross motor. Patients are still able to achieve milestones even though there is other developmental delay.

Question 8

How and why do you calculate a motor quotient?

Answer 8

(Age expected to achieve a milestone / age attained) x 100

Quotient in 50-75% range are consistent with MINOR neurologic dysfunction/clumsy child syndrome

Quotient below 50% are consistent with CP.

Question 9

How old is a child who is in the “pre-linguistic” stage of language development?

Answer 9

Birth -11mo.

Question 10

What are the 3 main sub-streams of language development?

Answer 10

Receptive, expressive and pragmatic (using language to influence)

Question 11

Slides 60-81 in Typical Development PPT - test yourself!

Question 12

1/5 kids in US has a special health care need.

Question 13

Discuss the definitions of Developmental delay, deviance, dissociation.

Answer 13

Delay - correct order, but slower.
Deviance - no in expected order, uneven or non-sequential order within ONE stream
Dissociation - streams of development are dissociated, different rates in TWO or more streams.

Question 14

What is the most common cause of motor disability in children?

Answer 14

Cerebral palsy

Question 15

CP can have comorbidities in disturbances of sensation, cognition, communication, perception, behavior, seizure disorder.

Question 16

Sturge-Weber syndrome - what is the defining feature?

Answer 16

port wine stain on face can extend into the brain.

Question 17

T/F: we know what causes CP

Answer 17

False. There are many associations

Question 18

CP known associations

Answer 18

Prematurity, metabolic abnormalities, autoimmune inflam, intrauterine infection, multiple births, intrauterine trauma, hypoxia, TBI from shaken baby, teratogens/toxins.

Question 19

What are some early diagnostic signs of CP

Answer 19

Scooting, bunny hopping, reverse tailor sitting, mermaid rolling.

Question 20

CP pain differential:

Answer 20

Hip subluxation, dental problems, constipation, GE reflux, kidney stones, urinary retention and HUNGER.

Question 21

Why are kids with CP so hungry all the time?

Answer 21

They burn so many calories with muscle spasticity.

Question 22

Global developmental delay is a ________ diagnosis and indicates failure to achieve _______

Answer 22

Temporary.
Expected milestones (language, social, adaptive)

Question 23

Slide 38 on Atypical Development slides- etiology of GDD.

Question 24

ID behavior requires an IQ (intelectual function deficits) and adaptive deficits.

Question 25

What does mosaic mean?

Answer 25

Some genes of some organ systems are affected, and some are not affected. It is possible to have normal functioning reproductive systems in Trisomy 21. Etc.

Question 26

Leading cause of GDD in females?

Answer 26

Rhett syndrome.

Question 27

What is Rett Syndrome?

Answer 27

Mutations in the x-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein (MeCP2).
Develop normal up until about
6-18mo of age decline, then rapid decline and then plateau.

Question 28

FAS - average IQ 65, INDISTINCT/LACK of PHILTRUM, growth deficiency, microcephaly, small pal. Fissures, heart defects, skeletal abnormalities. Low nasal bridge, thin/weak upper lip, small lower jaw, flat mid face, minor ear anomalies.

Question 29

Most common cause of preventable intellectual disability?

Answer 29

FAS. Can lead to ADHD, speech/language disorders, sensory impairment, learning disability, ID, epilepsy.

Question 30

What is the most common INHERITED form of ID?

Answer 30

Fragile X syndrome.

Question 31

Describe Fragile X syndrome?

Answer 31

Moderate to severe ID, macro-orchidism, large, prominent ears, jaw. High-pitched jocular speech.

Question 32

Types of Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs)

Answer 32

Reading - dyslexia
Writing - dysgraphia
Arithmetic - dyscalculia
Speaking/listening - language impairment, receptive/expressive, developmental language disorder
Reasoning - executive function disorder