Exam 2 Trachea sx Flashcards
What is anatomical cause of tracheal collapse?
what other conditions can aslo occur concurrently w/ tracheal collapse that can result in more severe CS
explain how sm airway dz such as chronic bronchitis can affect trachea
weakness of tracheal rings
laxity of trahealis mm.
hypocellular tracheal cartilage
Obesity!
progressive cough, pulmonary hypertension RVH enlargement
what is the most common signalment for this condition
small & toy breeds
middle aged
What are the CS of tracheal collapse
compare & constrast these signs to other airway dz such as BAS & laryngeal paralysis
what differential dx should be considered for pt w/ these signs
Goose honk cough, progressive
waxing/waning dyspnea
exercise intolerance
cyanosis
syncope
- heart dz, cardiomegaly, kennel cough, bronchitis, pneumonia*
- other lower airway dz*
In cases of tracheal collapse, what portion of the trachea tends to collapse on inhalation
what about exhalation
how might this affect dx
inhalation = cervical
exhalation = thoracic
if not examing entire trachea can miss it
what are various modalities that can be used to x tracheal collapse
what is the gold standard & why
describe the grading system
fluoroscopy
tracheoscopy = gold standard, allows direct visualization of collapse
Grade 1 = 25% lumen reduction
Grade 2 = 50%
Grade 3 = 75%
Grade 4 = almost no lumen
list componenets of medical tx for tracheal collapse
when is it appropriate to use medical mgmt vs sx mgmt
wt loss, antitussitives, environmental modifications, harness
when medical mgmt fails than sx!
what 2 non-medical tx can be utilized to tx tracheal collapse
compare & contrast & risks & benefits of each
extra-luminal rings
intra-luminal stents
what cases of tracheal trauma would necesitate sx intervention
that is the potential life threatening sequelae to larger tracheal tears that are left untreated
dyspnea persists or worsens w/ medical mgmt
pneumothorax persists >2-3 days
severe tracheal damage is visible
(blunt or penetrating injuries
rupture
mediastinal emphysema
pneumothorax)
what CS are associated w/ tracheal trauma
SQ emphysema
anorexia, lethargy, stridor coughing, dyspnea
progression of pathology in severe: mediastinal emphysema, pneumothorax
indications for permanent tracheostomy in dog
what tissues are sutured in this “ostomy”
how is tension on th suture line reduced
what other procedure may be required in association w/ permanent tracheostomy
salvage procedure
mucosa to skin
sutures under trachea to hyiod mm to position trachea closer to skin (ventral)
Px after permanent tracheostomy in dogs
in cats
