Exam 2 - Topic 1 - Blood

Question 1

Platelets

Answer 1

• Major role in coagulation process
• Produced in bone marrow from megakaryocytes
• 250,000 / uL
  
  • if

Question 2

Hematopoiesis

Answer 2

• Production of mature blood cells from stem cells
• Occurs in red bone marrow
• Process controlled by cytokines (protein hormone)
• 1 trillion cells / day

Question 3

Multiplication vs Differentiation

Answer 3

• Multiplication = cloning….same to more of same
• Differentiation = cell turning into another cell
• Both happen all the time

Question 4

Progenitor cells

Answer 4

• Arise from Pluripotential Stem Cells
• Two types
  - myeloid: RBC / platelets / granulocytes / monocytes / macrophages
  - lymphoid: lymphocytes

Question 5

Cytokines

Answer 5

• Glycoproteins hormones
• Released by cells of vascular system
• Functions: - control growth/differentiation of stem cell
  - regulate immune response
  - inflammation
  - function of mature blood cells

Question 6

Types of cytokines

Answer 6

• interleukins
• CSF (colony stimulating factors)
• thrombopoietins (platelets production)
• Erythropoietin (RBC production)

Question 7

Hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 7

• Cytokines
• vitamins
• metals (Fe, Co, Mn)
• amino acids
• hormones

Question 8

What cells give rise to which?

Answer 8

Hematopoietic stem cell
-Lymphoid progenitor
>B cells, T cells, NK cells, effector T cells, plasma cells
-Myeloid progenitor
>basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
-Erythroid progenitor
>megakaryocyte (platelets), erythroblast (RBC)

Question 9

Erythropoiesis

Answer 9

• Production of RBC
• If PO2 is low….RBC production goes up
• Renal (kidney) cells sense low O2 levels in blood -> erythropoietin released -> activates stem cells in hematopoietic marrow -> RBC up

Question 10

RBC life cycle

Answer 10

• 120 days
• Eaten up by macrophages after death
• Fe and heme recycled

Question 11

Friable

Answer 11

• tissue that is falling apart

- hard to hold together

Question 12

Agglutinogens

Answer 12

• A and B blood antigens

Question 13

Blood antigens frequency in humans

Answer 13

• A = 41%
• B = 9%
• AB = 3%
• O = 47%

Question 14

Agglutination

Answer 14

• grouping together of cells when wrong blood types are mixed
• cells will lyse soon after

Question 15

Hemolytic transfusion reactions

Answer 15

• Shock
• Chest/Back Pain
• Fever
• Dyspnea
• Hypotension
• Hemoglobinuria
• Hemoglobinemia

Question 16

Blood Transfusion uses

Answer 16

• replace lost blood during surgery
• treat anemia, hemophilia, internal blood loss
• replace components lost due to disease/chemo

Question 17

Adverse Transfusion Events

Answer 17

• Acute or delayed
• Local or systemic
• Hemolytic (very bad)