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mcb 244/245 > exam 2- tissues > Flashcards

exam 2- tissues Flashcards

1
Q

tissue disorders

A

-sickle cell (abnormal RBC shape)
-anemia (small RBCs)
-cancer (uterine=changes in epithelial cell structure & leukemia=changes in WBCs)
-infection (increased WBCs)
-chronic bronchitis & lung cancer (abnormal epithelial cell structure in respiratory passages)

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2
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

-physical protection from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
-selectively permeable
-secretions
-sensation

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3
Q

simple epithelial tissue

A

one cell layer where all cells contact basement membrane

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4
Q

stratified epithelial tissue

A

two or more layers where only basal layer contacts basement membrane

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5
Q

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

A

appears layered where all cells contact basement membrane but may not reach apical surface

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6
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A

flat, wide, irregular-shaped w flat nucleus

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7
Q

cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

as tall as they are wide w spherical, central nucleus

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8
Q

columnar epithelial tissue

A

taller than they’re wide w oval nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region

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9
Q

transitional epithelial tissue

A

change shape depending on stretch of epithelium

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10
Q

shared characteristics of connective tissue

A

-originate from mesenchyme
-vascular (degree varies)
-wide range of ability to regenerate (bone & blood=high & cartilage=not able)
-3 basic components (cells, protein fibers, ground substance)

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11
Q

wandering cells

A

continuously move through CT & are components of immune system
-repair damaged ECM
-leukocytes

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12
Q

resident cells

A

stationary cells housed in CT
-support, maintain, repair ECM
-four types: fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal, fixed macrophages

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13
Q

fibroblasts

A

flat cells w tapered ends
-most abundant
-produce fibers & ground substance of ECM

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14
Q

adipocytes

A

appear in small clusters in some types of CT
-adipose CT: dominant area of large clusters

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15
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

embryonic stem cells that replace damaged cells
-one replaces mesenchymal cell & other becomes committed cell

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16
Q

fixed macrophages

A

large, irregular-shaped cells derived from monocytes that phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens
-release chemicals to stimulate immune system/attract wandering cells

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17
Q

collagen protein fibers

A

unbranched, cable-like long fibers w white glistening appearance
-tendons & ligaments

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18
Q

reticular protein fibers

A

similar to collagen but thinner
-stroma of organs (lymph node)

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19
Q

elastic protein fibers

A

protein elastin (thinner than collagen) coated w glycoprotein fibrillin
-stretch & recoil easily
-skin & walls of arteries

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20
Q

ground substance

A

molecular material produced by CT cells that house CT cells & protein fibers
-consistency: viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), solid (bone)
-absorbs compression & protects from injury
-ground substance + protein fibers = ECM

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21
Q

structures in ground substance

A

-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): charge attracts cations & water follows movement of positive ion
-proteoglycans: formed w GAG linked to protein; forms thick colloids
-glycoproteins: bond CT cells & fibers to ground substance

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22
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

-physical protection
-support & structural framework
-binding of structures
-storage
-transport
-immune protection

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23
Q

mesenchyme embryonic connective tissue

A

spindle-shaped cells & viscous ground substance w immature protein fibers
-origin of all other CT
-throughout body of embryo & fetus
-adult CT has mesenchymal stem cells

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24
Q

mucous embryonic connective tissue

A

spindle-shaped cells w viscous ground fluid w more immature protein fibers than in mesenchyme
-support structures in umbilical cord
-umbilical cord

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25
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
-nervous & muscular tissues stimulated by electrical signal
-nervous results in rapid transmission of signals to other cells
-muscular results in contraction

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26
Q

nervous tissue

A

made of neurons & glial cells
-brain, spinal cord, & nerves

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27
Q

neurons

A

receive, transmit, & process nerve impulses
-structure: cell body, dendrites, & axons

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28
Q

cell body

A

houses nucleus & other organelles

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29
Q

nerve cell processes

A

extend from cell body
-dendrites & axons

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30
Q

dendrites

A

shorter, more numerous processes that receive incoming signals & transmit infor

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31
Q

axons

A

single, long process that carries outgoing signal to other cells

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32
Q

glial cells

A

protect, nourish, & support neurons
-more numerous than neurons
-don’t transmit nerve impulses

33
Q

stomach organ system

A

-epithelium (secretes substances for chemical digestion)
-areolar & dense CT (house blood vessels & nerves & provide shape & support)
-smooth muscle (contract & relax to mix stomach contents)
-nervous tissue (regulates muscle contraction & gland secretion)

34
Q

stages of tissue development

A

-oocyte fertilized by sperm
-forms zygote
-blastocyst formed after multiple zygote cell divisions
-embryoblasts: cells forming embryo
-3 primary germ layers formed by 3rd week (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
-embryo=growing structure

35
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer that gives rise to dermis & nervous tissue

36
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer that gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive & respiratory tracts

37
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer that becomes mesenchyme w wispy collagen fibers & fibroblasts in gel matrix, giving rise to cartilage, bone, & blood

38
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that aren’t yet performing specialized function
-developmental plasticity (diverse mature cell types)

39
Q

totipotent embryonic stem cells

A

develop into any type of cell including accessory organs of pregnancy
-source=early embryo cells

40
Q

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

A

develop into any type of cell in embryo but not accessory organs of pregnancy
-source=blastocyst

41
Q

multipotent adult stem cells

A

develop into two or more cell lines
-bone marrow stem cells

42
Q

unipotent adult stem cell

A

produce only one cell type
-sperm

43
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of existing tissue cells

44
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of tissue cells

45
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size
-occurs due to normal aging (senile atrophy) or lack of use (disuse atrophy)
-skeletal muscle fibers shrink in bedridden ppl, which is reversible by PT

46
Q

differentiation

A

development of more specialized form & function by unspecialized tissue
-mesenchyme becoming cartilage & bone

47
Q

metaplasia

A

change of mature epithelium to different form due to epithelium adapting to environment
-smoking changes pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in trachea

48
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal tissue development
-may be precancerous or revert back to normal

49
Q

neoplasia

A

uncontrolled tissue growth
-neoplasm (tumor) develops
-benign neoplasm doesn’t spread
-malignant neoplasm is cancer & metastasizes

50
Q

tissue engineering

A

artificial production of tissues & organs in lab for implantation in human body
-framework of collagen or biodegradable polyster fibers seeded w human cells & grown in bioreactor
-skin grafts, human ear grown on back of mouse, heart valves, coronary arteries, bone, liver, tendons

51
Q

tissue aging

A

support, maintenance, replacement of cells & ECM become less efficient after middle age
-structure & composition altered: epithelia thins; CT loses pliability & resiliency; collagen declines; brittle bones; muscles atrophy

52
Q

necrosis

A

pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections

53
Q

infarction

A

sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

54
Q

gangrene

A

tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply

55
Q

decubitus ulcer (bed sore)

A

form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood flow

56
Q

dry gangrene

A

common complication of diabetes

57
Q

wet gangrene

A

liquefaction of internal organs w infection

58
Q

gas gangrene

A

infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues

59
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of dead or damaged cells by same type of cell as before
-restores normal function

60
Q

fibrosis

A

replacement of damaged cells w scar tissue
-scar holds organs together but doesn’t restore function

61
Q

stages of skin wound healing

A

-bleeding into wound (healing of cut in skin by bleeding into cut; blood plasma seeps into wound carrying antibodies & clotting proteins)
-scab formation & macrophage activity (blood clot forms; forms scab that temporarily seals wound & block infection; macrophages phagocytize & digest tissue debris)
-formation of granulation tissue (new capillaries sprout from nearby vessels; deeper portions of clot become infiltrated by capillaries & fibroblasts)
-epithelial regeneration & CT fibrosis (epithelial cells around wound multiply & migrate beneath scab; underlying CT undergoes fibrosis; remodeling phase begins weeks after injury)

62
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts; secrete hormones into blood

63
Q

exocrine glands

A

invaginated epithelium in CT
-connected w epithelial surface by duct

64
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

no duct & located close to epithelium surface
-goblet cell

65
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

numerous cells
-contains acini (cell clusters that produce secretions) & ducts (transport secretions to epithelial surface)
-surrounded by fibrous capsule
-septa partition gland into lobes

66
Q

simple gland

A

single, unbranched duct

67
Q

compound gland

A

branched ducts

68
Q

tubular gland

A

secretory portion & duct have same diameter

69
Q

acinar gland

A

secretory portion forms expanded sac

70
Q

tubuloacinar gland

A

both tubules & acini

71
Q

merocrine gland

A

vesicles release secretions by exocytosis
-lacrimal & salivary

72
Q

apocrine gland

A

apical membrane pinches off & becomes secretion
-mammary & ceruminous

73
Q

holocrine gland

A

ruptured cell becomes secretion
-sebaceous

74
Q

body membranes

A

formed from epithelial layer bound to underlying CT

75
Q

mucous membrane/mucosa

A

lines compartments open to external environment
-formed from epithelium & lamina propria
-digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
-absorptive, protective, & secretory functions

76
Q

serous membrane

A

lines body cavities not open to external environment
-simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
-forms parietal & visceral layers w serous cavity in between
-produces thin, watery serous fluid derived from plasma; reduces friction between opposing surfaces

77
Q

cutaneous membrane/skin

A

covers external surface of body
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium & underlying CT
-protects internal organs & prevents water loss

78
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines some joints
-areolar CT
-covered by squamous epithelial cells that lack basement membrane
-secretes synovial fluid, reducing friction among moving bone parts & distributes nutrients to cartilage

mcb 244/245 (8 decks)

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