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mcb 244/245 > exam 2- tissues > Flashcards

exam 2- tissues Flashcards

1
Q

tissue disorders

A

-sickle cell (abnormal RBC shape)
-anemia (small RBCs)
-cancer (uterine=changes in epithelial cell structure & leukemia=changes in WBCs)
-infection (increased WBCs)
-chronic bronchitis & lung cancer (abnormal epithelial cell structure in respiratory passages)

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2
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

-physical protection from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
-selectively permeable
-secretions
-sensation

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3
Q

simple epithelial tissue

A

one cell layer where all cells contact basement membrane

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4
Q

stratified epithelial tissue

A

two or more layers where only basal layer contacts basement membrane

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5
Q

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

A

appears layered where all cells contact basement membrane but may not reach apical surface

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6
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A

flat, wide, irregular-shaped w flat nucleus

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7
Q

cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

as tall as they are wide w spherical, central nucleus

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8
Q

columnar epithelial tissue

A

taller than they’re wide w oval nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region

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9
Q

transitional epithelial tissue

A

change shape depending on stretch of epithelium

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10
Q

shared characteristics of connective tissue

A

-originate from mesenchyme
-vascular (degree varies)
-wide range of ability to regenerate (bone & blood=high & cartilage=not able)
-3 basic components (cells, protein fibers, ground substance)

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11
Q

wandering cells

A

continuously move through CT & are components of immune system
-repair damaged ECM
-leukocytes

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12
Q

resident cells

A

stationary cells housed in CT
-support, maintain, repair ECM
-four types: fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal, fixed macrophages

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13
Q

fibroblasts

A

flat cells w tapered ends
-most abundant
-produce fibers & ground substance of ECM

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14
Q

adipocytes

A

appear in small clusters in some types of CT
-adipose CT: dominant area of large clusters

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15
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

embryonic stem cells that replace damaged cells
-one replaces mesenchymal cell & other becomes committed cell

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16
Q

fixed macrophages

A

large, irregular-shaped cells derived from monocytes that phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens
-release chemicals to stimulate immune system/attract wandering cells

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17
Q

collagen protein fibers

A

unbranched, cable-like long fibers w white glistening appearance
-tendons & ligaments

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18
Q

reticular protein fibers

A

similar to collagen but thinner
-stroma of organs (lymph node)

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19
Q

elastic protein fibers

A

protein elastin (thinner than collagen) coated w glycoprotein fibrillin
-stretch & recoil easily
-skin & walls of arteries

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20
Q

ground substance

A

molecular material produced by CT cells that house CT cells & protein fibers
-consistency: viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), solid (bone)
-absorbs compression & protects from injury
-ground substance + protein fibers = ECM

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21
Q

structures in ground substance

A

-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): charge attracts cations & water follows movement of positive ion
-proteoglycans: formed w GAG linked to protein; forms thick colloids
-glycoproteins: bond CT cells & fibers to ground substance

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22
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

-physical protection
-support & structural framework
-binding of structures
-storage
-transport
-immune protection

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23
Q

mesenchyme embryonic connective tissue

A

spindle-shaped cells & viscous ground substance w immature protein fibers
-origin of all other CT
-throughout body of embryo & fetus
-adult CT has mesenchymal stem cells

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24
Q

mucous embryonic connective tissue

A

spindle-shaped cells w viscous ground fluid w more immature protein fibers than in mesenchyme
-support structures in umbilical cord
-umbilical cord

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25
excitability
ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential -nervous & muscular tissues stimulated by electrical signal -nervous results in rapid transmission of signals to other cells -muscular results in contraction
26
nervous tissue
made of neurons & glial cells -brain, spinal cord, & nerves
27
neurons
receive, transmit, & process nerve impulses -structure: cell body, dendrites, & axons
28
cell body
houses nucleus & other organelles
29
nerve cell processes
extend from cell body -dendrites & axons
30
dendrites
shorter, more numerous processes that receive incoming signals & transmit infor
31
axons
single, long process that carries outgoing signal to other cells
32
glial cells
protect, nourish, & support neurons -more numerous than neurons -don't transmit nerve impulses
33
stomach organ system
-epithelium (secretes substances for chemical digestion) -areolar & dense CT (house blood vessels & nerves & provide shape & support) -smooth muscle (contract & relax to mix stomach contents) -nervous tissue (regulates muscle contraction & gland secretion)
34
stages of tissue development
-oocyte fertilized by sperm -forms zygote -blastocyst formed after multiple zygote cell divisions -embryoblasts: cells forming embryo -3 primary germ layers formed by 3rd week (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) -embryo=growing structure
35
ectoderm
outermost layer that gives rise to dermis & nervous tissue
36
endoderm
innermost layer that gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive & respiratory tracts
37
mesoderm
middle layer that becomes mesenchyme w wispy collagen fibers & fibroblasts in gel matrix, giving rise to cartilage, bone, & blood
38
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that aren't yet performing specialized function -developmental plasticity (diverse mature cell types)
39
totipotent embryonic stem cells
develop into any type of cell including accessory organs of pregnancy -source=early embryo cells
40
pluripotent embryonic stem cells
develop into any type of cell in embryo but not accessory organs of pregnancy -source=blastocyst
41
multipotent adult stem cells
develop into two or more cell lines -bone marrow stem cells
42
unipotent adult stem cell
produce only one cell type -sperm
43
hypertrophy
increase in size of existing tissue cells
44
hyperplasia
increase in number of tissue cells
45
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size -occurs due to normal aging (senile atrophy) or lack of use (disuse atrophy) -skeletal muscle fibers shrink in bedridden ppl, which is reversible by PT
46
differentiation
development of more specialized form & function by unspecialized tissue -mesenchyme becoming cartilage & bone
47
metaplasia
change of mature epithelium to different form due to epithelium adapting to environment -smoking changes pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in trachea
48
dysplasia
abnormal tissue development -may be precancerous or revert back to normal
49
neoplasia
uncontrolled tissue growth -neoplasm (tumor) develops -benign neoplasm doesn't spread -malignant neoplasm is cancer & metastasizes
50
tissue engineering
artificial production of tissues & organs in lab for implantation in human body -framework of collagen or biodegradable polyster fibers seeded w human cells & grown in bioreactor -skin grafts, human ear grown on back of mouse, heart valves, coronary arteries, bone, liver, tendons
51
tissue aging
support, maintenance, replacement of cells & ECM become less efficient after middle age -structure & composition altered: epithelia thins; CT loses pliability & resiliency; collagen declines; brittle bones; muscles atrophy
52
necrosis
pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections
53
infarction
sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
54
gangrene
tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply
55
decubitus ulcer (bed sore)
form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood flow
56
dry gangrene
common complication of diabetes
57
wet gangrene
liquefaction of internal organs w infection
58
gas gangrene
infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues
59
regeneration
replacement of dead or damaged cells by same type of cell as before -restores normal function
60
fibrosis
replacement of damaged cells w scar tissue -scar holds organs together but doesn't restore function
61
stages of skin wound healing
-bleeding into wound (healing of cut in skin by bleeding into cut; blood plasma seeps into wound carrying antibodies & clotting proteins) -scab formation & macrophage activity (blood clot forms; forms scab that temporarily seals wound & block infection; macrophages phagocytize & digest tissue debris) -formation of granulation tissue (new capillaries sprout from nearby vessels; deeper portions of clot become infiltrated by capillaries & fibroblasts) -epithelial regeneration & CT fibrosis (epithelial cells around wound multiply & migrate beneath scab; underlying CT undergoes fibrosis; remodeling phase begins weeks after injury)
62
endocrine glands
no ducts; secrete hormones into blood
63
exocrine glands
invaginated epithelium in CT -connected w epithelial surface by duct
64
unicellular exocrine glands
no duct & located close to epithelium surface -goblet cell
65
multicellular exocrine glands
numerous cells -contains acini (cell clusters that produce secretions) & ducts (transport secretions to epithelial surface) -surrounded by fibrous capsule -septa partition gland into lobes
66
simple gland
single, unbranched duct
67
compound gland
branched ducts
68
tubular gland
secretory portion & duct have same diameter
69
acinar gland
secretory portion forms expanded sac
70
tubuloacinar gland
both tubules & acini
71
merocrine gland
vesicles release secretions by exocytosis -lacrimal & salivary
72
apocrine gland
apical membrane pinches off & becomes secretion -mammary & ceruminous
73
holocrine gland
ruptured cell becomes secretion -sebaceous
74
body membranes
formed from epithelial layer bound to underlying CT
75
mucous membrane/mucosa
lines compartments open to external environment -formed from epithelium & lamina propria -digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts -absorptive, protective, & secretory functions
76
serous membrane
lines body cavities not open to external environment -simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) -forms parietal & visceral layers w serous cavity in between -produces thin, watery serous fluid derived from plasma; reduces friction between opposing surfaces
77
cutaneous membrane/skin
covers external surface of body -keratinized stratified squamous epithelium & underlying CT -protects internal organs & prevents water loss
78
synovial membrane
lines some joints -areolar CT -covered by squamous epithelial cells that lack basement membrane -secretes synovial fluid, reducing friction among moving bone parts & distributes nutrients to cartilage

mcb 244/245 (8 decks)

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