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mcb 244/245 > exam 2- integumentary system > Flashcards

exam 2- integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

epithelium of integument
-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
-5 layers

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2
Q

keratinocytes

A

large stem cells that divide to regenerate new cells & synthesize keratin (protein that strengthens epidermis)
-found in all layers

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3
Q

melanocytes

A

scattered among keratinocytes
-produce & store melanin in response to UV light
-transfer melanin within melanosomes to keratinocytes that shield nuclear DNA from UV radiation

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4
Q

tactile (Merkel) cells

A

sensitive to touch & release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve ending when compressed
-few in number

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5
Q

epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

cells found in stratum spinosum & granulosum that initiate immune response

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6
Q

thick vs thin skin

A

thick skin has large stratum corneum layer & thin skin has a thin layer of stratum corneum

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7
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-binding protein in RBCs
-bright red color upon binding oxygen

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8
Q

melanin

A

dark pigment produced in melanocytes & transferred to keratinocytes
-eumelanin=brown/black
-pheomelanin=lighter shades of tan, yellow, & red
-amount in skin varies
-albinism: melanocytes unable to produce melanin

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9
Q

carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment acquired from some veggies

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10
Q

nevus (mole)

A

localized overgrowth of melanocytes
-monitored for change suggesting malignancy

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11
Q

freckles

A

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity
-yellowish/brown spots

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12
Q

hemangiomas

A

skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor

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13
Q

friction ridges

A

larges folds & valleys of dermis & epidermis
-fingerprints

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14
Q

UV radiation

A

-sunscreen blocks UVA & UVB rays w high enough SPF
-sunless tanners create tanned skin w/o UV light exposure & provide no protection against UV rays

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15
Q

lines of cleavage & stretch marks

A

collagen & elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles at specific locations
-bundles function to resist stress during routine movement
-orientation indicated by tension lines
-incisions parallel to cleavage lines more likely to heal quickly
-stretch marks (striae) formed from stretched skin resulting in torn collagen fibers

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16
Q

tattoos

A

dye injected into dermis, becoming permanent part of dermis
-impossible to completely remove tattoo

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17
Q

functions of integument

A

-protection from external environment
-prevention of water loss/gain (epidermis=water resistant not waterproof; water lost by sweat & transpiration)
-vitamin D synthesis (forms vitamin D3, precursor to calcitriol, which increases absorption of calcium & phosphate; regulates blood calcium levels)
-secretion of waste products during sweating
-absorption (selectively permeable; suitable for transdermal administration of drugs)
-immune function by dendritic cells
-temp regulation (dermal blood vessels capable of vasoconstriction to conserve heat or vasodilation to release heat)
-sensory reception

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18
Q

nails

A

scale-like modification of stratum corneum formed on dorsal edges of fingers & toes
-protect distal tips of digits & assist in grasping objects

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19
Q

nail plate

A

distal whitish free edge (no capillaries), pinkish nail body (underlying capillaries), & nail root (part embedded in skin)

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20
Q

nail bed

A

layer of living epidermis covered by nail body

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21
Q

nail matrix

A

actively growing part of nail at proximal end of nail body

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22
Q

lunula

A

whitish semilunar area on proximal end of nail body

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23
Q

nail folds

A

folds of skin overlapping nail

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24
Q

eponychium (cuticle)

A

narrow band of epidermis from margin of nail wall onto nail body

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25
hyponychium
thickened stratum corneum over which free nail edge projects
26
nail disorders
-brittle nails prone to vertical splitting & separation of nail plate layers -ingrown nails=edge of nail digging into skin -onychomycosis=fungal infection -yellow nail syndrome occurs when growth & thickening slows -spoon nails=concave outer nail surface -Beau's lines=interference w nail growth -vertical ridging=common & harmless
27
hair
keratinized cells growing from hair follicles -slender filament
28
lanugo hair
fine, unpigmented, downy hair that appears on fetus in last trimester
29
vellus hair
fine, primary human hair found on upper & lower limbs
30
terminal hair
coarser, pigmented, & longer than vellus found on scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, & men's beards
31
hair matrix
structure at base of hair bulb where epithelial cells divide, producing new cells that are gradually pushed toward surface
32
medulla
remnant of matrix that contains flexible, soft keratin
33
cortex
flattened cells forming relatively hard outer hair surface
34
cuticle
single cell layer around cortex
35
hair follicle
oblique tube surrounding hair root -extends into dermis & subcutaneous layer -outer connective tissue root sheath originates in dermis -inner epithelial tissue root sheath originates in epidermis
36
arrector pili
thin ribbons of smooth muscle that extend from hair follicle to dermal papillae -elevates hair w contraction, producing goosebumps
37
hair functions
-protection (head=sunburn & injury; respiratory system & ears= trap particles & debris) -heat retention -sensory reception -visual identification
38
hair color
synthesis of melanin in matrix adjacent to hair papillae -lightens w age as pigment production decreases -gray hair results from gradual reduction in melanin -white hair=complete stoppage of melanin production
39
anagen
active phase of hair growth
40
catagen
brief regression period of hair growth where cell division stops
41
telogen
resting phase of hair growth where hair is usually shed
42
alopecia areata
autoimmune disorder where follicles are attacked -spots of baldness on scalp & body
43
diffuse hair loss
hair shed from all parts of scalp due to hormones, drugs, iron deficiency
44
male pattern baldness
loss of hair first from only crown region of scalp due to genetic & hormonal factors
45
hirsutism
excessive hairiness
46
sweat glands
merocrine & apocrine -both have coiled, secretory portion w myoepithelial cells that aid in secretion process -contain sweat gland duct that opens to sweat pore
47
merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland
-most numerous & widely distributed -simple, coiled tubular glands -discharge sweat onto skin by exocytosis -thermoregulation
48
apocrine sweat gland
-coiled, tubular glands -discharge secretions into hair follicles by exocytosis -produce viscous cloudy secretions, which contain proteins & lipids that produce odor when acted on by bacteria -start producing secretions during puberty
49
sebaceous glands
-holocrine glands -produce sebum which acts as lubricant for skin & hair, is bactericidal, & discharges into hair follicle -secretion stimulated by hormones, especially male sex hormones -activated during puberty
50
ceruminous glands
-modified apocrine sweat glands -located only in external ear canal -secrete cerumen (earwax) that traps foreign material & lubricates acoustic meatus & eardrum
51
mammary glands
-modified apocrine sweat glands of breast -only function in pregnant & lactating females -produce breast milk
52
acne
plugged sebaceous ducts -increased activity of gland secretions may block pores -treatments: benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, antibiotics, vitamin-A-like compounds, systemic retinoids
53
psoriasis
chronic autoimmune skin disease -keratinocytes attacked by T-lymphocytes -causes rapid overgrowth of new skin cells -patches of whitish, scaly skin
54
burns
caused by heat, radiation, chemicals, sunlight, electrical shock; severity measured by rule of nines -first degree (involve only epidermis; use cool water) -second degree (epidermis & part of dermis; blistered skin) -third degree (all 3 layers; hospitalization)
55
development week 7
-ectoderm forms layer of squamous epithelium that becomes periderm & basal layer (forms all epidermal layers)
56
development between weeks 9-12
hair follicles appear as pockets of cells (hair buds)
57
development around week 11
mesoderm becomes mesenchyme which becomes dermis
58
development by week 20
sweat & sebaceous glands appear on palms/sole & in other regions later on
59
development by week 21
-formation of stratum corneum & friction ridges -periderm sloughed off which mixes w sebum to produce vernix caseosa
60
development by week 32
fingernails/toenails form
61
aging of integument
-reduced number & activity of stem cells -fewer collagen fibers -elastic fibers lose elasticity -wrinkles form -immune response decreased due to fewer dendritic cells -hair follicles produce thinner hair or none at all
62
smoking & chronic overexposure to UV radiation
damage DNA in epidermal cells which accelerates aging & promotes skin cancer
63
botox
treatment for wrinkles caused by facial muscle expression -botulinum toxin Type A -blocks nerve impulses to facial expression muscles, decreasing wrinkles -temporary

mcb 244/245 (8 decks)

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