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mcb 244/245 > exam 2- integumentary system > Flashcards

exam 2- integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

epithelium of integument
-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
-5 layers

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2
Q

keratinocytes

A

large stem cells that divide to regenerate new cells & synthesize keratin (protein that strengthens epidermis)
-found in all layers

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3
Q

melanocytes

A

scattered among keratinocytes
-produce & store melanin in response to UV light
-transfer melanin within melanosomes to keratinocytes that shield nuclear DNA from UV radiation

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4
Q

tactile (Merkel) cells

A

sensitive to touch & release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve ending when compressed
-few in number

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5
Q

epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

cells found in stratum spinosum & granulosum that initiate immune response

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6
Q

thick vs thin skin

A

thick skin has large stratum corneum layer & thin skin has a thin layer of stratum corneum

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7
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-binding protein in RBCs
-bright red color upon binding oxygen

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8
Q

melanin

A

dark pigment produced in melanocytes & transferred to keratinocytes
-eumelanin=brown/black
-pheomelanin=lighter shades of tan, yellow, & red
-amount in skin varies
-albinism: melanocytes unable to produce melanin

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9
Q

carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment acquired from some veggies

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10
Q

nevus (mole)

A

localized overgrowth of melanocytes
-monitored for change suggesting malignancy

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11
Q

freckles

A

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity
-yellowish/brown spots

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12
Q

hemangiomas

A

skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor

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13
Q

friction ridges

A

larges folds & valleys of dermis & epidermis
-fingerprints

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14
Q

UV radiation

A

-sunscreen blocks UVA & UVB rays w high enough SPF
-sunless tanners create tanned skin w/o UV light exposure & provide no protection against UV rays

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15
Q

lines of cleavage & stretch marks

A

collagen & elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles at specific locations
-bundles function to resist stress during routine movement
-orientation indicated by tension lines
-incisions parallel to cleavage lines more likely to heal quickly
-stretch marks (striae) formed from stretched skin resulting in torn collagen fibers

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16
Q

tattoos

A

dye injected into dermis, becoming permanent part of dermis
-impossible to completely remove tattoo

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17
Q

functions of integument

A

-protection from external environment
-prevention of water loss/gain (epidermis=water resistant not waterproof; water lost by sweat & transpiration)
-vitamin D synthesis (forms vitamin D3, precursor to calcitriol, which increases absorption of calcium & phosphate; regulates blood calcium levels)
-secretion of waste products during sweating
-absorption (selectively permeable; suitable for transdermal administration of drugs)
-immune function by dendritic cells
-temp regulation (dermal blood vessels capable of vasoconstriction to conserve heat or vasodilation to release heat)
-sensory reception

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18
Q

nails

A

scale-like modification of stratum corneum formed on dorsal edges of fingers & toes
-protect distal tips of digits & assist in grasping objects

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19
Q

nail plate

A

distal whitish free edge (no capillaries), pinkish nail body (underlying capillaries), & nail root (part embedded in skin)

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20
Q

nail bed

A

layer of living epidermis covered by nail body

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21
Q

nail matrix

A

actively growing part of nail at proximal end of nail body

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22
Q

lunula

A

whitish semilunar area on proximal end of nail body

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23
Q

nail folds

A

folds of skin overlapping nail

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24
Q

eponychium (cuticle)

A

narrow band of epidermis from margin of nail wall onto nail body

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25
Q

hyponychium

A

thickened stratum corneum over which free nail edge projects

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26
Q

nail disorders

A

-brittle nails prone to vertical splitting & separation of nail plate layers
-ingrown nails=edge of nail digging into skin
-onychomycosis=fungal infection
-yellow nail syndrome occurs when growth & thickening slows
-spoon nails=concave outer nail surface
-Beau’s lines=interference w nail growth
-vertical ridging=common & harmless

27
Q

hair

A

keratinized cells growing from hair follicles
-slender filament

28
Q

lanugo hair

A

fine, unpigmented, downy hair that appears on fetus in last trimester

29
Q

vellus hair

A

fine, primary human hair found on upper & lower limbs

30
Q

terminal hair

A

coarser, pigmented, & longer than vellus found on scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, & men’s beards

31
Q

hair matrix

A

structure at base of hair bulb where epithelial cells divide, producing new cells that are gradually pushed toward surface

32
Q

medulla

A

remnant of matrix that contains flexible, soft keratin

33
Q

cortex

A

flattened cells forming relatively hard outer hair surface

34
Q

cuticle

A

single cell layer around cortex

35
Q

hair follicle

A

oblique tube surrounding hair root
-extends into dermis & subcutaneous layer
-outer connective tissue root sheath originates in dermis
-inner epithelial tissue root sheath originates in epidermis

36
Q

arrector pili

A

thin ribbons of smooth muscle that extend from hair follicle to dermal papillae
-elevates hair w contraction, producing goosebumps

37
Q

hair functions

A

-protection (head=sunburn & injury; respiratory system & ears= trap particles & debris)
-heat retention
-sensory reception
-visual identification

38
Q

hair color

A

synthesis of melanin in matrix adjacent to hair papillae
-lightens w age as pigment production decreases
-gray hair results from gradual reduction in melanin
-white hair=complete stoppage of melanin production

39
Q

anagen

A

active phase of hair growth

40
Q

catagen

A

brief regression period of hair growth where cell division stops

41
Q

telogen

A

resting phase of hair growth where hair is usually shed

42
Q

alopecia areata

A

autoimmune disorder where follicles are attacked
-spots of baldness on scalp & body

43
Q

diffuse hair loss

A

hair shed from all parts of scalp due to hormones, drugs, iron deficiency

44
Q

male pattern baldness

A

loss of hair first from only crown region of scalp due to genetic & hormonal factors

45
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive hairiness

46
Q

sweat glands

A

merocrine & apocrine
-both have coiled, secretory portion w myoepithelial cells that aid in secretion process
-contain sweat gland duct that opens to sweat pore

47
Q

merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland

A

-most numerous & widely distributed
-simple, coiled tubular glands
-discharge sweat onto skin by exocytosis
-thermoregulation

48
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A

-coiled, tubular glands
-discharge secretions into hair follicles by exocytosis
-produce viscous cloudy secretions, which contain proteins & lipids that produce odor when acted on by bacteria
-start producing secretions during puberty

49
Q

sebaceous glands

A

-holocrine glands
-produce sebum which acts as lubricant for skin & hair, is bactericidal, & discharges into hair follicle
-secretion stimulated by hormones, especially male sex hormones
-activated during puberty

50
Q

ceruminous glands

A

-modified apocrine sweat glands
-located only in external ear canal
-secrete cerumen (earwax) that traps foreign material & lubricates acoustic meatus & eardrum

51
Q

mammary glands

A

-modified apocrine sweat glands of breast
-only function in pregnant & lactating females
-produce breast milk

52
Q

acne

A

plugged sebaceous ducts
-increased activity of gland secretions may block pores
-treatments: benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, antibiotics, vitamin-A-like compounds, systemic retinoids

53
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic autoimmune skin disease
-keratinocytes attacked by T-lymphocytes
-causes rapid overgrowth of new skin cells
-patches of whitish, scaly skin

54
Q

burns

A

caused by heat, radiation, chemicals, sunlight, electrical shock; severity measured by rule of nines
-first degree (involve only epidermis; use cool water)
-second degree (epidermis & part of dermis; blistered skin)
-third degree (all 3 layers; hospitalization)

55
Q

development week 7

A

-ectoderm forms layer of squamous epithelium that becomes periderm & basal layer (forms all epidermal layers)

56
Q

development between weeks 9-12

A

hair follicles appear as pockets of cells (hair buds)

57
Q

development around week 11

A

mesoderm becomes mesenchyme which becomes dermis

58
Q

development by week 20

A

sweat & sebaceous glands appear on palms/sole & in other regions later on

59
Q

development by week 21

A

-formation of stratum corneum & friction ridges
-periderm sloughed off which mixes w sebum to produce vernix caseosa

60
Q

development by week 32

A

fingernails/toenails form

61
Q

aging of integument

A

-reduced number & activity of stem cells
-fewer collagen fibers
-elastic fibers lose elasticity
-wrinkles form
-immune response decreased due to fewer dendritic cells
-hair follicles produce thinner hair or none at all

62
Q

smoking & chronic overexposure to UV radiation

A

damage DNA in epidermal cells which accelerates aging & promotes skin cancer

63
Q

botox

A

treatment for wrinkles caused by facial muscle expression
-botulinum toxin Type A
-blocks nerve impulses to facial expression muscles, decreasing wrinkles
-temporary

mcb 244/245 (8 decks)

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