Exam 2 study guide set Flashcards
Calcium uses
blood clotting enzyme activation acid-base balance firmness and rigidity to bones and teeth lactation function of nerves and muscles (including heart muscle) maintenance of membrane permeability
Vitamin D uses
used to treat and prevent infantile rickets, spasmophilia (infantile tetany), and softening of bone.
also important in normal growth and mineralization of skeleton and teeth.
Why do we take calcium with vitamin D?
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption
Too much Vit D?
hypercalcemia anorexia nausea vomiting polyuria(excessive urination) polydipsia(excessive thirst) weakness anxiety pruritus(tingling/burning skin sensation) altered renal function
Iron uses
The body uses iron to make hemoglobin as well as some enzymes
(acidic environment increases iron absorption TAKE W/ ORANGE JUICE)
Too much Iron?
overdose is especially dangerous for children - can cause GI upset and bleeding, nausea, vomiting
Too much Calcium?
Hypercalcemia - fatigue depression confusion nausea vomiting constipation renal stones increased urination occasional cardiac arrhythmias
Iron deficiency?
anemia, lowered vitality, exertional breathlessness, pale complexion, conjunctival pallor, retarded development, and a decreased amount of hemoglobin in each red cell.
Folic acid
Vitamin B9
needed for amino acid metabolism and DNA synthesis
Deficiency in pregnant women can result in neural tube defects of baby (spina bifida)
Vitamin C
wound healing
collagen and tissue production in general
too much can cause GI upset and reduced B12 absorption
Vitamin A
wound healing
Necessary for growth, bone development, vision, reproduction, integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces, and formation of visual pigment.
too much can cause hair loss and peeling skin - can be stored in the liver for 2 years can cause toxicity
Vitamin E
acts as an antioxidant and protects red blood cell membranes
stop before surgery - increases clotting time
too much causes Fatigue, weakness, GI upset, Headaches, breast tenderness
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis of clotting factors VII, IX, X, and prothrombin by the liver
deficiency can prolong clotting time
Vitamin K1 phytonadione can be used to treat blood thinner overdoses (Coumadin(warfarin) and aspirin)
Selenium
Necessary trace element in diet
Too much may cause : weakness Hair loss dermatitis Nausea diarrhea abdominal pain Garlic-like odor from skin and breath
Zinc
Wait at least TWO HOURS after ANTIBIOTIC admin. to take zinc
Important for wound healing
too much May cause copper deficiency, decrease in HDL cholesterol, weakened immune system
What vitamin is contraindicated in surgery?
Vitamin E - prolongs clotting time
What vitamin/mineral can interfere with antibiotics?
zinc
What patient education is relevant to someone taking a Vitamin A supplement?
Toxicity signs -
Review symptoms of hypervitaminosis A syndrome (headaches, bulging fontanelles in infants, irritability, yellow-orange discoloration of skin, drying and desquamation(peeling) of skin and lips, hair loss, anorexia, vomiting, joint and bone pain).
What are signs of Vitamin D toxicity?
hypercalcemia anorexia nausea vomiting polyuria(excessive urination) polydipsia(excessive thirst) weakness anxiety pruritus(tingling/burning skin sensation) altered renal function
What should you closely monitor in a patient on TPN(total parenteral nutrition)?
Coughing or SOB (TPN can cause air embolism)
Blood glucose - Hypo/hyper glycemia
Infection- elevated temperature, elevated heart rate, chills, sweating, redness, swelling at the insertion site, and lethargy
Fluid overload - cough, dyspnea, neck vein engorgement, chest rales, and weight gain
True or False? All enteral nutrition equipment and tubing is changed and labelled every 24 hrs.
True!
What are the methods of enteral delivery?
Bolus-250 to 400 mL of solution is rapidly administered into the tube 4 to 6 times a day
- Intermittent drip-administered every 3 to 6 hours over 30 to 60 minutes by gravity drip or infusion pump.
- Continuous drip-administered at a slow rate over a 24-hour period.
- Cyclic infusion -infusion pump delivers the nutrient solution for specified hours of the day and is turned off during other hours
Nocturnal feedings are administered only at night
What are main complications of enteral feeding?
Dehydration – give fluids in between feedings
Aspiration
Diarrhea
What is the safety protocol for enteral nutrition? (ALERT)
Enteral Safety
A- septic technique
L- abel enteral equipment
E- levate head of bed at least 30 degrees
R- ight patient, right formula, right tube
T- race all lines and tubing back to patient.
Why do you dilute an antibiotic when given through an NG tube?
Water added to medication before administration (to prevent diarrhea)
Medications given through NG tube for unclogging? requires HCP prescription
Pancreatin (Creon) and pancrelipase (Viokase)
True or False? The nurse should determine gastric residual before each feeding when patients are receiving intermittent feedings. A residual greater than 50% of a previous feeding indicates delayed gastric emptying and warrants notifying the provider
True
How many days can patients who are well-nourished usually tolerate a lack of nutrients without experiencing major health problems?
14 days
A postoperative patient has been ordered enteral feedings via a nasogastric tube. What best indicates to the nurse that the patient is ready for these feedings?
Bowel Sounds