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Biology 120 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Define population

A

all of the individuals of the same species in a given area.

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2
Q

Ecology

A

field of biology that focuses on 1) the interactions between organisms 2) interaction between organism and environment.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of populations

A

Includes spacing (distribution) and density (abundance). Ecologists EXPLAIN - distribution and abundance of the individuals within populations and what and factors that cause them to succeed or fail.

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4
Q

Biological population

A

group of individuals from the same species that is somewhat independent of other groups. ISOLATED BY GEOGRAPHY

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5
Q

Biological evolution

A

change in the characteristics of organisms that occurs over the course of generations.

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6
Q

Give an example of a non-evolutionary change.

A

The average dress size for women in the U.S. has increased from 8 to 14 in the last 50 years due to an increased caloric intake. This IS NOT GENETIC. IT IS NOT EVOLUTIONARY

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7
Q

Give an example of an evolutionary change.

A

Head lice have evolved to be resistant to permethrin because of a change in their genes.

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8
Q

Did individual head lice change in evolution?

A

NO. Individual lice didn’t evolve or change. The population as a whole changed to one that is resistant to this chemical.

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9
Q

Describe how lice are handling the permethrin better.

A

Lice differ in resistance to permethrin because of gene variation. Eventually, the less resistant lice will die out, and the more resistant lice will live and create offspring. Now, resistant lice only are breading. THIS TAKES GENERATIONS.

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population. Lice underwent natural selection. BAM.

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11
Q

What does natural selection cause?

A

It causes changes in traits in populations over time, like those lice.

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12
Q

Microevolution

A

changes that occur within a biological population.

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13
Q

Macroevolution

A

the changes that result in the origin of new species.

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14
Q

The Theory of Common Descent

A

All life on earth has evolved from one common ancestor. This is a point of controversy among people.

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15
Q

What causes evolution?

A

Natural selection. People believe in natural selection, but have trouble understanding that all life originates from one common ancestor.

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16
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Lackluster student in England in 1831. Went to school for ministry and made friends with scientists at Cambridge. Henslow set him up to voyage on the HMS Beagle to chart the coasts of South America.

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17
Q

What did Darwin do on his expedition?

A

He documented anything to do with natural history. He spent most of his time on land. He was influenced by a stop in the Galapagos islands, and after extensive observation of plants, fossils, and animals, he proposed the theory of natural selection.

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18
Q

Were there other alternative hypotheses that arose during the time of Darwin?

A

Alternative hypotheses were created to explain the origin of modern organisms.

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19
Q

Name the hypotheses that were also considered.

A

Static model (organisms are unchanging), transformation (species arise separately and change over time in response to environment), separate types (species change over time, and new species can arise, but not from a common ancestor), and common ancestor.

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20
Q

Linnean Classification

A

Grouped organisms by similarities. Shared characteristics among humans and apes imply shared ancestry. E.g., humans and monkeys are in the same order of animals. Darwin said that Linnaeus’s classification provided strong support for the theory of common descent.

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21
Q

Homology

A

Existence of shared ancestry between pairs of structures from animals in a different taxa. Wings, flippers, hands, etc.

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22
Q

Vestigial Traits

A

nonfunctional traits that are evidence of biological heritage. E.g., ostriches have useless wings.

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23
Q

Vestigial Traits

A

nonfunctional traits that are evidence of biological heritage. E.g., ostriches have useless wings.

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24
Q

Vestigial traits in humans

A

great apes and humans have a tailbone, yet we don’t have a tail. Goosebumps in monkeys are to increase perceived size of the animal and insulation of their coat, whereas in humans they do nothing.

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25
Q

Shared developmental pathways

A

multicellular organisms demonstrate numerous similarities in the process of development from fertilized egg to adult organism. That is why early embryos of very different species often look very similar.

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26
Q

DNA theory that proves common ancestry

A

Species that appear to be closely related must have more similar genes that do species that are more distantly related.

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27
Q

Illustrate the theory of common descent using a tree diagram.

A

modern organisms can be arranged on a “tree” of relationships based on similarities in morphology, development, and genes.

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28
Q

Explain how homologies in anatomy and genetics, even in useless traits, support the theory of evolution.

A

Similarities in underlying structures of organisms and the existence of vestigial structures, are hard to explain except with the common ancestry theory.

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29
Q

Describe how details of embryonic development support the theory of evolution.

A

Similarities in embryonic development are explained best by common ancestry theory. E.g., pharyngeal slits in the embryos of all chordates (animals with spinal structures).

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30
Q

Define biogeography

A

the study of the geographical distribution of organisms.

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31
Q

How does biogeography support the theory of evolution.

A

Biogeographical patterns support common descent because species that appear related physically are often also close to each other geographically. E.g., the tortoises in the Galapagos islands.

32
Q

Explain how the fossil record proves direct evidence of evolutionary change in species over time.

A

The fossil remains of extinct species in many groups demonstrate a progression of forms from more ancient to more modern types. E.g., early hominin appear much more ape-like than more recent hominin fossils.

33
Q

Articulate why the theory of evolution is considered the best explanation for the origin of humans and other organisms.

A

Shared characteristics of all life, especially the universality of DNA, provide evidence that all organisms on earth descend from a common ancestor.

34
Q

Describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelia line and cover organs, vessels, and body cavities. they are tightly packed tissues with one free surface. Outgrowths of epithelia form some glands.

35
Q

What do epithelia function in?

A

protection, secretion, and absorption.

36
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures and insulates and protects organs. Cells of this tissue synthesize and store fat.

37
Q

List the 6 different types of connective tissue.

A

Loose, adipose, blood, fibrous, cartilage, and bone.

38
Q

Blood

A

connective tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells. Have a liquid matrix called plasma.

39
Q

What does adipose tissue specialize in?

A

synthesis and storage of energy-rich reserves of fat.

40
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Red cells (carry oxygen), white cells (fight infection), and platelets (clotting).

41
Q

Fibrous tissue

A

form tendons that connect muscles to bones and ligaments that connect bones to each other at joints.

42
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

connects epithelia to underlying tissues, holds organs in place, and acts as padding under the skin and elsewhere. It has a loose weave of fibers.

43
Q

Cartilage

A

flexible, shock-absorbing tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes.

44
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

Connects muscles to bones, provides flexible support for the ears and nose, and allows for shock absorption. Injuries heal slowly with cartilage, if at all.

45
Q

Bone

A

provides support for the body. cells are called osteocytes.

46
Q

What are bones made of?

A

Osteocytes.

47
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue.

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

48
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to bone and produces all movements of body parts in relation to each other. In charge of voluntary movement, and striated.

49
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

is only found in the heart tissue. Involuntary tissue that undergoes rhythmic contractions to produce the heartbeat.

50
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle that comprise the musculature of organs, blood vessels, and the digestive system. Contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle but can stay contracted for a long time.

51
Q

Striated muscle

A

muscle tissue with bands that look like stripes under a microscope.

52
Q

Describe the structure and function of nervous tissues.

A

found in the brain and spinal chord, is composed of neurons. it senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the body.

53
Q

Explain what organ is and how organs interact in an organ system.

A

Organs are groups of tissues working together in concert.

54
Q

List the structures and functions of the liver.

A

Epithelial tissue in the liver is divided in lobes. Produces protein and cholesterol, secretion of bile, and storage of vitamins and glycogen.

55
Q

Explain how positive and negative feedback mechanisms help int he maintenance of homeostasis.

A

Negative feedback negates change. Positive feedback is less commonly used. Positive feedback promotes change.

56
Q

List the components of the mammalian respiratory system, and describe the path of air into the body.

A

Air flows into the body via the mouth and nose and enters the respiratory system via the pharynx and trachea. Once in the lungs, air flows through the bronchi and into alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

57
Q

Describe the muscles involved in breathing, including the diaphragm.

A

The movement of air into and our of the lungs depends largely on the action of the diaphragm, a dome of muscle that sits directly below the lungs.

58
Q

Explain how their movements facilitate air movement into and out of the lungs.

A

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the value of chest cavity, decreasing the air pressure and allowing air to flow in.

59
Q

Explain the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange.

A

As blood flows through the lungs, hemoglobin reversibly binds to oxygen molecules in high concentrations. IN the body tissue, the hemoglobin releases some of its oxygen load to supply the active tissue.

60
Q

Describe the effect of smoking on the respiratory system.

A

small particles in tobacco smoke enters the lungs, causing cell damage that eventually leads to chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis leads to emphysema. The tiniest particles are drawn into the alveoli, where they remain for long periods, exposing the alveolar cells to carcinogens.

61
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

complete sequence of the heart filling with blood and then pumping.

62
Q

Systole

A

contraction phase. Atrioventricular valave closes as ventricle contracts.

63
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxed period. Semilunar valves close as the ventricle relaxes.

64
Q

What is the speed of the cardiac cycle?

A

heart rate. Controlled by internal pacemaker = sinoatrial node.

65
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the digestive system.

A

Is a group of organs and glands working together to break foods into their component parts for reassembly into forms that the body can use or for generating energy.

66
Q

Describe how food moves through the body’s organs.

A

Food moves from the mouth to the pharynx and through the esophagus to the stomach to the small intestine.

67
Q

Where do digested nutrients end up?

A

Digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream across the small intestine and brought to cells.

68
Q

List the accessory organs of the digestive system.

A

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are accessory organs that secrete substances that aid in digestion.

69
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

It produces digestive enzymes that help break down most food molecules.

70
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile that facilitates the breakdown of fats.

71
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile before its release into the small intestine.

72
Q

List the structures composing the mammalian urinary system.

A

kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

73
Q

Describe the first step in the process of urine excretion.

A

In the nephrons of the kidney, the process of filtration faces most liquid, but not cells or larger molecules, from the plasma into the kidney tubules. Nephron absorbed water, glucose, and other valuable molecules are reabsorbed though the active and passive mechanisms.

74
Q

Describe the second step in the process of urine excretion.

A

Hormones that regulate blood pressure control the concentration of water in urine. Urine collects in the renal pelvis, then travels down the ureters to be stored in the bladder.

75
Q

Describe how blood moves through the double circulation system of the heart.

A

The heart is a double pump consisting of four chambers - the two atria and two ventricles. The right side sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs; the left side sends oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Biology 120 (3 decks)

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