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Biology 120 > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Grocery store:

purge

bad tomatoes get tossed

A

Nucleic Acid class (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the instructions, called genes, for building all of the proteins that a cell requires.

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA in the nucleus that is wrapped around proteins. 46 in each cell.

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3
Q

What state are chromosomes in before a cell divides?

A

They are in an uncondensed, string-like form. In order for cell division to occur, the DNA in each chromosome is compressed in to a more compact linear structure that is easier to maneuver during cell division.

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4
Q

How many genes does a single chromosome carry?

A

Hundreds of genes.

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5
Q

Sister chromatid

A

Copy of a chromosome that carries the same genes.

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6
Q

Where do sister chromatids attach to the original chromosome?

A

At the centromere. Because the centromere is not always located at the center of the chromosome, it can subdivide the chromosome into one long arm and one short arm.

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7
Q

DNA Replication

A

Precedes cell division. Steps include:

  1. The double stranded DNA molecule is copied first by splitting the helix down the middle and adding nucleotides to each side of the original parent molecule, maintaining the A-T G-C base pairings.
  2. Two new daughter DNA molecules
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8
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzymes that assist in the synthesis of new DNA nucleotides. Reads the parents strand and adds whatever is complimentary and seals it to the previous new addition. VERY RELIABLE

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9
Q

What chemical bond forms behind the parent half of a helix and the new synthesized side?

A

Covalent.

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Occur when DNA polymerase make mistakes when facilitating base pairing of nucleotides.

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

asexual cell division that produces two daughter cells that are identical to their original parent cell and to each other.

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12
Q

Somatic Cells

A

any cell type that does not produce sex cells

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13
Q

Interphase

A

DNA replicates. There are three steps to interphase:

  1. G1: cell grows and organelles duplicate.
  2. S: DNA replicated (synthesis)
  3. G2: cell makes proteins needed to complete mitosis.
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14
Q

Prophase

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes. Microtubules form and are encoded by centrioles. Nuclear envelope begins to break down.

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell. The microtubules grow long enough to attach to the chromosomes at their centromeres.

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

The microtubules contract and separate the sister chromatids from each other, pulling them toward the two poles of the cell.

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17
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelopes re-form and chromosomes decondense.

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

A band of filaments contacts around the equator of the cell, causing two cells to form from the original parent cell.

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19
Q

Tumor Suppressors

A

Inspect newly replicated DNA.

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20
Q

Regulation of Cell Cycle

A

• Normal cells halt at checkpoints.
• Proteins determine condition of the cell.
• Cell must pass the checkpoints to proceed with cell division.
• Three checkpoints:
o G1
o G2
Metaphase

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21
Q

Organelles

A

perform specific jobs required by the cell and works in conjunction with other organelles to keep cell functioning properly.

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22
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane. Serves as a barrier that determines which nutrients are allowed into and out of the cell.

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a spherical structure surrounded by two membranes. Inside the nucleus is chromatin, composed on DNA and proteins.

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosomes are synthesis.

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25
Mitochondrion
energy-producing organelles surrounded by a double membrane.
26
Lysosome
is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
27
Ribosomes
workbenches where proteins are assembled. Ribosomes are built in the nucleolus and shipped out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
28
Rough ER
ER with ribosomes attached to it, which synthesize proteins that are useful around the cell.
29
Golgi
sorts proteins and sends them to their cellular destinations.
30
Centrioles
move chromosomes during animal cell division.
31
How do you decrease risk of cancer?
* Don’t use tobacco. * Limit alcohol consumption. * Eat low-fat, high-fiber diet (best one). * Exercise regularly. * Maintain a healthy weight.
32
Antioxidants
• Most beneficial in whole foods • Protect cells when oxidation goes wrong Prevent cells from damage by free radicals (when a chemical in your body has started to lose electrons to surrounding oxygens). They can bust open your DNA. You need this “data” to make proteins, which do all of the work in your cells.
33
Know the journey of atoms to cells
Atoms – Molecules Molecules – Macromolecules Deliver macromolecules – cells
34
Minerals
``` `• Essential for cell and body functions o Fluid balance o Muscle concentration o Conduction of nerve impulses o Building bones and teeth ```
35
Saturated Fats
o Fatty acid carbons bound to as much hydrogen as possible o Lack double bonds o Solid at room temperature. o Most animal fats are saturated.
36
Unsaturated Fats
o Fewer hydrogens bound to carbons o Contain double bonds. ♣ Kinks in the tail Most plant fats (oils) are unsaturated or polyunsaturated
37
Carbohydrates
``` main energy source • Simple sugars: (glucose) easy entrance to bloodstream • Complex carbs: digested more slowly o Starch: complex carbs stored in plants o Glycogen: complex carbs from animals ```
38
Proteins
• Made up of (20) essential amino acids: cannot be made in the body; must be obtained by food. Essential structural components of the cell (make up half of the dry weight of the cell), enzymatic, and transport roles. Leucine: animals make it; plants don’t use it.
39
Lipids
• Three different types: fats, steroids, and phospholipids. Energy storage molecules • Act as a cushion and insulator • Consist of a glycerol attached to fatty acid tails o Essential fatty acids: cannot be made in the body (e.g., omega-3, and omega-6) Three fatty acids attach to a glycerol to form a very compact and long lasting energy source
40
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
• Saturated means two hydrogens on each carbon. Unsaturated means double bond between hydrogen and carbon.
41
Sports Drinks
* High in simple sugars and calories | * Solute concentration higher than blood
42
Nutrients
substances in food and provide structural materials or energy. • Proteins, lipids, water, carbs. Water is the solvent.
43
Journey of food to cells:
Intake – food (nutrients: proteins, lipids, carbs, minerals, water) Process – digestion (food – macros – building blocks – bloodstream) Delivery – bloodstream to cells Use – into cells, build macros, repair/new components/cells. Water: disperses nutrients and dissolves and eliminates waste products
44
Name the subunits of sugar.
• Carbs are made of sugar subunits: o Monosaccharide: 1unit o Disaccharide: 2 units o Polysaccharide: many units
45
The pH scale
• Relative amounts of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) o Acid: more H+ and less OH- ♣ pH lower than 7
46
Covalent Bonds
• tough to break o When atoms share electrons (showed by a little line between atoms). Like a wedding – it is hardcore and tough to break. It takes money and lawyers
47
Hydrogen Bonds
• are weak attractions between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in adjacent molecules. o Flirting. There is really contractual agreement between them or no exchange in electrons.
48
Ionic Bonds
• Between two positively or negatively charged ions. o Water can split them up. It is like dating. Not too serious, but there is some connection there
49
Describe the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis.
Testable: it must be possible to test a hypothesis through observations of the measurable universe. Falsifiable: an observation could potentially prove it false.
50
Compare and contrast the terms hypothesis and theory.
A theory is an explanation for a set of observations based on research. A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation.
51
Inductive Reasoning
Combining theories to discern a principle. Relies on reason.
52
Deductive Reasoning
Using a general principle to predict an expected observation.
53
Controlled Experiment
Controls aren't given the experimental treatment, thus eliminating as many alternate hypotheses as possible.
54
Blind Experiment
Individual subjects are not aware of what they are predicted to experience (drug sample or placebo sample).
55
Correlation
Relationship between two variables. CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION.
56
Statistical Test
Summarize data from a larger group. For example, we can describe the average length of colds experienced by experimental and control groups using the mean.
57
Primary Source
Written by the researches themselves.
58
Secondary Source
Books, news reports, and advertisements.
59
Techniques to evaluate a scientific study.
Ask does the story present the results of a scientific hypothesis? Were the results obtained using the scientific method? Look for clues concerning how well the reporters delivered the information. Then ask if the results are controversial (do they violate an older and better supported hypothesis?)
60
Describe the properties of living organisms.
All organisms operate using the same biological molecules, are composed of cells, are able to grow, metabolize substances, reproduce, and use feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
61
Chemical structure of water.
Hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen has two lone electrons in its last electron cloud, which are paired with the lone electron in two hydrogen atoms (H2O).
62
Is water a good solvent?
YES. Water is a good solvent because it is polar, meaning that at different regions of the molecule it has different charges. Also because of its hydrogen bonds.
63
Does water facilitate chemical reactions?
YES. It is such a powerful solvent that it changes the chemical composition of substances.
64
Is water cohesive?
YES. Cohesion is much stronger in water because of the sheer number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
65
Does water moderate temperature?
YES. Heat energy is only absorbed by water after the hydrogen bonds have been broken.
66
Describe how atomic structures effect chemical bonding.
Chemical bonding depends on an element's electron configuration. Electrons closer to the nucleus have more energy than those that are farther away from the nucleus. Atoms that have space in their valence shells form chemical bonds.
67
Discuss the importance of carbon in living organisms.
Like a Tinkertoy connector, carob has multiple sites for connections that allow carbon-containing molecules to take an almost infinite variety of shapes.
68
Nucleic Acids
Composed of monomers called nucleotides. Two classes: DNA and RNA.
69
Prokaryotic Cell
Do not have a nucleus and aren't as complex as Eukaryotic.
70
Theory of Evolution
All living organisms are composed of cells that share the same organic chemistry and basic cellular features. Life on earth traces back to one common ancestor.
71
Describe the role of nutrients in the cell.
They provide structural units and energy for the cells.
72
Describe the function of water in the body.
Water is an important dietary constituent that helps dissolve and eliminate waste and maintain blood pressure and body temperature.
73
Describe the major macronutrients and describe functions:
Vitamins are organic substances, which cannot be synthesized. Minerals are inorganic substances essential for many cell functions.
74
Plasma Membrane
To gain access to cells, nutrients move across the plasma membrane, which functions as a semipermeable membrane that lets certain things across and not others.
75
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids.
76
Central Vacuole
Stores water, wastes, and other substances.
77
Active transport
requires energy and uses proteins to move molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
78
Passive transport
Requires no energy and can occur by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or osmosis.

Biology 120 (3 decks)

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