Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What is the world’s most deadly animal?
A
Mosquito because they transmit disease
2
Q
Use piercing stylets to suck the fluids of algae, plants, and small invertebrates
A
Tardigrades
3
Q
Live at the top of the Himalayas, the bottom of deep seas, inside mud volcanoes, rainforests, arctic ice, etc.!
A
Tardigrades
4
Q
What is stabilizing natural selection?
A
Selection favors the intermediate/ average phenotype. Ex. sickle-cell anemia
5
Q
Flattened with abdominal pincers, fast moving, and found under leaf litter, fallen logs, and in damps areas
A
earwigs
6
Q
What is obligate mutualism?
A
Species that cannot live in the absence of its mutualistic partner
7
Q
Long skinny limbs that look like twigs or flattened limbs that look like leaves
A
walking sticks
8
Q
How do bombardier beetles defend themselves?
A
Spray a foul-smelling and caustic chemical out their abdomen.
9
Q
What sort of reproduction do insects have?
A
Dioecious w/internal fertilization
10
Q
What is the purpose of blood in insects?
A
distribute hormones, nutrients, and waste products, but NOT gases!
11
Q
What is Batesian mimicry?
A
Harmless mimic evolves to look like a harmful/toxic model species, like king snakes and coral snakes
12
Q
How is evolution measured?
A
the change in allele frequencies over time
13
Q
What is an adaptation?
A
Trait that helps individuals to survive and/or reproduce
14
Q
All insects have:
A
Three body segments
One pair of antennae
Three pairs of legs
15
Q
wingless insect?
A
fleas
16
Q
What are the big four orders of insect?
A
- Coleoptera (beetles)
- Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)
- Diptera (flies, mosquitos, crane flies)
- Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants)
17
Q
Survive the 6x the pressure of the Mariana trench and the vacuum of space!
A
Tardigrades
18
Q
4 types of mouthparts
A
- Chewing
- Piercing
- Siphoning
- Sponging
19
Q
What is an advantage of being holometabolous?
A
Allows larvae and adults to eat different foods, reducing competition. With less competition for food, you can fit more individuals in your environment!
20
Q
Why are male antennae often larger?
A
To sense female sex pheromones
used for courtship in some moths
21
Q
When will many insects pupate?
A
over winter months
22
Q
Segments of the insects?
A
- Head- sensory & feeding
- Thorax- locomotion
- Abdomen- digestion & reproduction
23
Q
How old was Darwin when he was hired to the HMS Beagle?
A
22
24
Q
Mouth shape in insects is indicative of what?
A
foods they eat
25
What is commensalism?
One species is benefited (+), while the other is neither harmed nor benefited (0)
26
What happens to monarchs that eat the toxin from milkweed?
They become distasteful to predators
27
What do the big four orders of insect have in common?
Holometabolous
28
What are the 4 traits of Arthropods?
1. Ecdysis
2. Chitinous exoskeleton
3. Jointed legs
4. Bilateral symmetry
29
What likely killed Darwin?
Changas disease from the Kissing Bug in Argentina
30
T/F all insects go through metamorphosis?
False
31
Compound insect eye characteristics:
1. Poor image resolution
2. Detect fast movements
3. eyes of bees and mantises form sharper images (active pollinators and hunters)
32
What is coevolution?
When two or more species reciprocally influence each other’s evolution
33
What are dipterans (flies and mosquitos) critical for?
decomposition of feces and dead animals
34
How was Wallace woke?
against eugenics and supporter of women's suffrage
35
How do bed bugs mate?
Traumatic insemination
36
What is acquired inheritance?
Changes acquired over an individual’s lifetime would be passed to offspring
37
What are some parasitic species of insect?
1. Fleas
2. Pubic lice
3. Bed bugs
38
What are some diseases mosquitos transmit?
1. Malaria
2. Yellow Fever
3. Equine enchephalitis
4. Zika Virus
39
What is sexual selection?
Differential reproductive success among individuals in the population
40
What is the more ansectral form of development in insects?
hemimetabolous
41
Long hindlegs for jumping, many camouflage well in grasses and leaves
Crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids
42
Subregions of the thorax?
1. Prothorax (1st pair of legs)
2. Mesothorax (2nd pair of legs and forewings)
3. Metathorax (3rd pair of legs and hindwings)
43
The thorax is designated for what purpose?
locomotion (walking, jumping, swimming, flying)
44
Hemimetabolous development "cycle"?
1. Baby insects (nymphs) hatch out of the egg looking like miniature adults.
2. Except without wings and functional genitalia.
3. Nymphs will molt a multiple times (number varies by species).
4. The last molt results in the adult body form
with wings and functioning genitalia.
45
How many wings do most insects have?
4
46
Which order has large wings covered in colorful scales?
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)
47
What are the three forms of natural selection?
1. Directional
2. Stabilizing
3. Disruptive
48
Live anywhere from 3 – 4 months to up to 2 years. Can live up to 70 years while frozen
Tardigrades
49
How are organismal interactions classified?
1. Competition: -/-Negative for both species
2. Mutualism: +/+ Positive for both species
3. Commensalism: +/0 Positive for one and neutral for another
4. Parasitoidism, Parasitism, Predation, Herbivory: +/- Positive for one and negative for another
50
What are some ecological interactions?
1. Thermoregulation
2. Osmoregulation
3. Energy relations
51
What do insects that have aquatic larvae have on the outside of their spiracles?
gills
52
Purpose of ocelli between compound eyes?
detect changes in light/dark
53
What pheromones can antennae be used to sense (chemosensation)?
1. Sex
2. Alarm
3. Trailing
4. Aggregation
5. Caste-regulating
54
How many insects adversely affect human health?
Approx. 0.5%
55
What is basically an evolutionary arms race?
Coevolution. Ex. Kangaroo rats and rattlesnakes
56
What is Natural Selection?
Differential survivability among individuals in the population
57
Who was the first credited to hypothesize evolution?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
58
When do eggs of female mosquitos mature?
after she's had a blood meal. More blood = more eggs
59
What is disruptive natural selection?
Selection favors the two extreme phenotypes. Can lead to speciation! Ex. fur color of mice on volcanic islands.
60
Dry-out to 3% water for 30 years, then
| rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.
Tardigrades
61
8 legs that are not jointed.
Tardigrades
62
What are the two types of sexual selection?
Intersexual selection - One sex displays a skill while the other sex chooses whether to mate
Intrasexual selection - One sex fights to gain access to the opposite sex
63
What are some diseases transmitted by insects?
1. Malaria
2. Bubonic plague
3. Typhus
4. Lyme disease
64
Long antennae and spiny legs for feeling
cockroaches
65
What are elytra?
Forewings hardened for protection on beetles
66
What's something insect eyes can do that ours can't?
detect UV light
67
Insects that go through full metamorphosis are called what?
Holometabolous
68
What is symbiosis?
Living in/on/with another organism
69
What are hemelytra?
Forewings hardened halfway on bugs
70
What are the two kinds of parasites?
Endoparasites - Parasites that live inside the body of the host
Ectoparasites - Parasites that live on the outside of the host’s body
71
What four factors lead to evolution from Natural Selection?
1. Variation of phenotypes
2. Phenotypic trait must be heritable
3. Trait leads to differential survivability
4. Change in frequency of trait over time
72
What is the purpose of aposematic coloration?
Signals to predators not to mess with the individual. Used by many species that are toxic, venomous, smelly, or harmful, etc.
73
What is a haplodiploid pattern of inheritance?
Males are haploid (unfertilized eggs)
Females are diploid (fertilized eggs)
Common in ants, bees, and wasps
74
Five Fs of organismal interactions?
1. Fight with it?
2. Flee from it?
3. Feed on it?
4. Friends with it?
5. Fuck with it?
75
How do some flowers pollinated by bees help the bees locate the nectar?
nectar guides appear like targets to bee eyes
76
What are exploitative interactions?
One species receives a benefit at the expense of the other species involved
- Herbivory
- Predation
- Parasites
77
Is symbiosis always positive?
Symbiosis can be positive, negative, or neutral interactions between species:
1. Ticks living on a moose (+/-) parasitism
2. Clown fish living in an anemone (+/+) mutualism
3. Barnacles living on a whale (+/0) commensalism
78
Large predatory forelegs and camouflage well with grass
Praying mantis
79
What does the abdomen contain?
digestive and reproductive organs of the insect
80
Antennae are used for:
1. Touch and air displacement
2. Temperature
3. Vibrations
4. Olfaction
81
What is Mullerian mimicry?
When two toxic/harmful organisms look like one another, like bees and wasps or monarch and viceroy butterflies
82
What is Facultative mutualism?
Species that can live without their mutualistic partner
83
What is directional natural selection?
When one extreme phenotype is favored by natural selection. ex. peppered moth in UK
84
What are spiracles?
holes along the abdomen of insects that lead to tracheae of insect and promote gas exchange
85
Where did Alfred Russel Wallace develop his ideas?
Malay Archipelago
86
What are some beneficial products of insects?
1. wax
2. honey
3. silk
4. they pollinate 65% of all plant species
87
Long tail filaments and aquatic larvae?
Mayflies
88
What is the most common kind of beetle?
Weevil
89
What were Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's two main ideas?
1. Acquired inheritance
| 2. Organic progression
90
What is the tripod gait?
When insects walk, they have three legs (or more) on the ground, but not all six. Generally two on one side and one on the other. When running they only have two on the ground
91
What do Monarch butterflies use their antennae for?
Sense time (solar compass)
92
What are the two kinds of competition?
Interspecific: Competition between individuals of different species
Intraspecific: Competition between individuals of the same species
93
What is fitness?
Relative reproductive output of an individual.
| More babies = more fit
94
What is genetic drift?
Random change of alleles frequencies.
Due to chance events and not selection
Often leads to fixation and loss of alleles
95
What is Organic progression?
All species originated from spontaneous generation of non-living matter. Nervous fluid helped species progress up the chain of being
96
Holometabolous metamorphosis cycle?
1. Eggs hatch into larva
2. Larvae pupate and change their body shape into its adult form.
3. When pupating, the larvae constructs a protective cocoon.
4. Adults emerge from the cocoon with the goal of finding a mate!
97
Mouthparts for piercing and sucking plant fluids or fluids of other insects
Bugs
98
Describe hemimetabolous development
Gradual changes without full metamorphosis
99
What is mutation?
Random change in DNA that can lead to novel alleles in a population. Ultimate source of variation in populations
100
Parts of the insect head:
Mouth
Antennae
Eyes
101
What are mechanisms of evolution?
1. Mutation
2. Natural Selection
3. Sexual Selection
4. Genetic Drift
5. Gene Flow
102
What is gene flow?
Movement of alleles between populations.
| Dispersal and immigration of individuals.
103
Large eyes, wings sit out to the side and aquatic larvae
dragonflies
104
What birds did Darwin compare in the Galapagos?
Finches
