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BIO 140 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the world’s most deadly animal?

A

Mosquito because they transmit disease

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2
Q

Use piercing stylets to suck the fluids of algae, plants, and small invertebrates

A

Tardigrades

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3
Q

Live at the top of the Himalayas, the bottom of deep seas, inside mud volcanoes, rainforests, arctic ice, etc.!

A

Tardigrades

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4
Q

What is stabilizing natural selection?

A

Selection favors the intermediate/ average phenotype. Ex. sickle-cell anemia

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5
Q

Flattened with abdominal pincers, fast moving, and found under leaf litter, fallen logs, and in damps areas

A

earwigs

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6
Q

What is obligate mutualism?

A

Species that cannot live in the absence of its mutualistic partner

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7
Q

Long skinny limbs that look like twigs or flattened limbs that look like leaves

A

walking sticks

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8
Q

How do bombardier beetles defend themselves?

A

Spray a foul-smelling and caustic chemical out their abdomen.

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9
Q

What sort of reproduction do insects have?

A

Dioecious w/internal fertilization

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10
Q

What is the purpose of blood in insects?

A

distribute hormones, nutrients, and waste products, but NOT gases!

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11
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

Harmless mimic evolves to look like a harmful/toxic model species, like king snakes and coral snakes

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12
Q

How is evolution measured?

A

the change in allele frequencies over time

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13
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

Trait that helps individuals to survive and/or reproduce

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14
Q

All insects have:

A

Three body segments
One pair of antennae
Three pairs of legs

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15
Q

wingless insect?

A

fleas

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16
Q

What are the big four orders of insect?

A
  1. Coleoptera (beetles)
  2. Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)
  3. Diptera (flies, mosquitos, crane flies)
  4. Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants)
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17
Q

Survive the 6x the pressure of the Mariana trench and the vacuum of space!

A

Tardigrades

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18
Q

4 types of mouthparts

A
  1. Chewing
  2. Piercing
  3. Siphoning
  4. Sponging
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19
Q

What is an advantage of being holometabolous?

A

Allows larvae and adults to eat different foods, reducing competition. With less competition for food, you can fit more individuals in your environment!

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20
Q

Why are male antennae often larger?

A

To sense female sex pheromones

used for courtship in some moths

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21
Q

When will many insects pupate?

A

over winter months

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22
Q

Segments of the insects?

A
  • Head- sensory & feeding
    • Thorax- locomotion
    • Abdomen- digestion & reproduction
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23
Q

How old was Darwin when he was hired to the HMS Beagle?

A

22

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24
Q

Mouth shape in insects is indicative of what?

A

foods they eat

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25
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One species is benefited (+), while the other is neither harmed nor benefited (0)

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26
Q

What happens to monarchs that eat the toxin from milkweed?

A

They become distasteful to predators

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27
Q

What do the big four orders of insect have in common?

A

Holometabolous

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28
Q

What are the 4 traits of Arthropods?

A
  1. Ecdysis
  2. Chitinous exoskeleton
  3. Jointed legs
  4. Bilateral symmetry
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29
Q

What likely killed Darwin?

A

Changas disease from the Kissing Bug in Argentina

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30
Q

T/F all insects go through metamorphosis?

A

False

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31
Q

Compound insect eye characteristics:

A
  1. Poor image resolution
  2. Detect fast movements
  3. eyes of bees and mantises form sharper images (active pollinators and hunters)
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32
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When two or more species reciprocally influence each other’s evolution

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33
Q

What are dipterans (flies and mosquitos) critical for?

A

decomposition of feces and dead animals

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34
Q

How was Wallace woke?

A

against eugenics and supporter of women’s suffrage

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35
Q

How do bed bugs mate?

A

Traumatic insemination

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36
Q

What is acquired inheritance?

A

Changes acquired over an individual’s lifetime would be passed to offspring

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37
Q

What are some parasitic species of insect?

A
  1. Fleas
  2. Pubic lice
  3. Bed bugs
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38
Q

What are some diseases mosquitos transmit?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Yellow Fever
  3. Equine enchephalitis
  4. Zika Virus
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39
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Differential reproductive success among individuals in the population

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40
Q

What is the more ansectral form of development in insects?

A

hemimetabolous

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41
Q

Long hindlegs for jumping, many camouflage well in grasses and leaves

A

Crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids

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42
Q

Subregions of the thorax?

A
  1. Prothorax (1st pair of legs)
  2. Mesothorax (2nd pair of legs and forewings)
  3. Metathorax (3rd pair of legs and hindwings)
43
Q

The thorax is designated for what purpose?

A

locomotion (walking, jumping, swimming, flying)

44
Q

Hemimetabolous development “cycle”?

A
  1. Baby insects (nymphs) hatch out of the egg looking like miniature adults.
  2. Except without wings and functional genitalia.
  3. Nymphs will molt a multiple times (number varies by species).
  4. The last molt results in the adult body form
    with wings and functioning genitalia.
45
Q

How many wings do most insects have?

A

4

46
Q

Which order has large wings covered in colorful scales?

A

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

47
Q

What are the three forms of natural selection?

A
  1. Directional
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Disruptive
48
Q

Live anywhere from 3 – 4 months to up to 2 years. Can live up to 70 years while frozen

A

Tardigrades

49
Q

How are organismal interactions classified?

A
  1. Competition: -/-Negative for both species
  2. Mutualism: +/+ Positive for both species
  3. Commensalism: +/0 Positive for one and neutral for another
  4. Parasitoidism, Parasitism, Predation, Herbivory: +/- Positive for one and negative for another
50
Q

What are some ecological interactions?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Osmoregulation
  3. Energy relations
51
Q

What do insects that have aquatic larvae have on the outside of their spiracles?

A

gills

52
Q

Purpose of ocelli between compound eyes?

A

detect changes in light/dark

53
Q

What pheromones can antennae be used to sense (chemosensation)?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Alarm
  3. Trailing
  4. Aggregation
  5. Caste-regulating
54
Q

How many insects adversely affect human health?

A

Approx. 0.5%

55
Q

What is basically an evolutionary arms race?

A

Coevolution. Ex. Kangaroo rats and rattlesnakes

56
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Differential survivability among individuals in the population

57
Q

Who was the first credited to hypothesize evolution?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

58
Q

When do eggs of female mosquitos mature?

A

after she’s had a blood meal. More blood = more eggs

59
Q

What is disruptive natural selection?

A

Selection favors the two extreme phenotypes. Can lead to speciation! Ex. fur color of mice on volcanic islands.

60
Q

Dry-out to 3% water for 30 years, then

rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.

A

Tardigrades

61
Q

8 legs that are not jointed.

A

Tardigrades

62
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection?

A

Intersexual selection - One sex displays a skill while the other sex chooses whether to mate
Intrasexual selection - One sex fights to gain access to the opposite sex

63
Q

What are some diseases transmitted by insects?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Bubonic plague
  3. Typhus
  4. Lyme disease
64
Q

Long antennae and spiny legs for feeling

A

cockroaches

65
Q

What are elytra?

A

Forewings hardened for protection on beetles

66
Q

What’s something insect eyes can do that ours can’t?

A

detect UV light

67
Q

Insects that go through full metamorphosis are called what?

A

Holometabolous

68
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Living in/on/with another organism

69
Q

What are hemelytra?

A

Forewings hardened halfway on bugs

70
Q

What are the two kinds of parasites?

A

Endoparasites - Parasites that live inside the body of the host
Ectoparasites - Parasites that live on the outside of the host’s body

71
Q

What four factors lead to evolution from Natural Selection?

A
  1. Variation of phenotypes
  2. Phenotypic trait must be heritable
  3. Trait leads to differential survivability
  4. Change in frequency of trait over time
72
Q

What is the purpose of aposematic coloration?

A

Signals to predators not to mess with the individual. Used by many species that are toxic, venomous, smelly, or harmful, etc.

73
Q

What is a haplodiploid pattern of inheritance?

A

Males are haploid (unfertilized eggs)
Females are diploid (fertilized eggs)
Common in ants, bees, and wasps

74
Q

Five Fs of organismal interactions?

A
  1. Fight with it?
  2. Flee from it?
  3. Feed on it?
  4. Friends with it?
  5. Fuck with it?
75
Q

How do some flowers pollinated by bees help the bees locate the nectar?

A

nectar guides appear like targets to bee eyes

76
Q

What are exploitative interactions?

A

One species receives a benefit at the expense of the other species involved

  • Herbivory
  • Predation
  • Parasites
77
Q

Is symbiosis always positive?

A

Symbiosis can be positive, negative, or neutral interactions between species:

  1. Ticks living on a moose (+/-) parasitism
  2. Clown fish living in an anemone (+/+) mutualism
  3. Barnacles living on a whale (+/0) commensalism
78
Q

Large predatory forelegs and camouflage well with grass

A

Praying mantis

79
Q

What does the abdomen contain?

A

digestive and reproductive organs of the insect

80
Q

Antennae are used for:

A
  1. Touch and air displacement
  2. Temperature
  3. Vibrations
  4. Olfaction
81
Q

What is Mullerian mimicry?

A

When two toxic/harmful organisms look like one another, like bees and wasps or monarch and viceroy butterflies

82
Q

What is Facultative mutualism?

A

Species that can live without their mutualistic partner

83
Q

What is directional natural selection?

A

When one extreme phenotype is favored by natural selection. ex. peppered moth in UK

84
Q

What are spiracles?

A

holes along the abdomen of insects that lead to tracheae of insect and promote gas exchange

85
Q

Where did Alfred Russel Wallace develop his ideas?

A

Malay Archipelago

86
Q

What are some beneficial products of insects?

A
  1. wax
  2. honey
  3. silk
  4. they pollinate 65% of all plant species
87
Q

Long tail filaments and aquatic larvae?

A

Mayflies

88
Q

What is the most common kind of beetle?

A

Weevil

89
Q

What were Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s two main ideas?

A
  1. Acquired inheritance

2. Organic progression

90
Q

What is the tripod gait?

A

When insects walk, they have three legs (or more) on the ground, but not all six. Generally two on one side and one on the other. When running they only have two on the ground

91
Q

What do Monarch butterflies use their antennae for?

A

Sense time (solar compass)

92
Q

What are the two kinds of competition?

A

Interspecific: Competition between individuals of different species
Intraspecific: Competition between individuals of the same species

93
Q

What is fitness?

A

Relative reproductive output of an individual.

More babies = more fit

94
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random change of alleles frequencies.
Due to chance events and not selection
Often leads to fixation and loss of alleles

95
Q

What is Organic progression?

A

All species originated from spontaneous generation of non-living matter. Nervous fluid helped species progress up the chain of being

96
Q

Holometabolous metamorphosis cycle?

A
  1. Eggs hatch into larva
  2. Larvae pupate and change their body shape into its adult form.
  3. When pupating, the larvae constructs a protective cocoon.
  4. Adults emerge from the cocoon with the goal of finding a mate!
97
Q

Mouthparts for piercing and sucking plant fluids or fluids of other insects

A

Bugs

98
Q

Describe hemimetabolous development

A

Gradual changes without full metamorphosis

99
Q

What is mutation?

A

Random change in DNA that can lead to novel alleles in a population. Ultimate source of variation in populations

100
Q

Parts of the insect head:

A

Mouth
Antennae
Eyes

101
Q

What are mechanisms of evolution?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Natural Selection
  3. Sexual Selection
  4. Genetic Drift
  5. Gene Flow
102
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Movement of alleles between populations.

Dispersal and immigration of individuals.

103
Q

Large eyes, wings sit out to the side and aquatic larvae

A

dragonflies

104
Q

What birds did Darwin compare in the Galapagos?

A

Finches

BIO 140 (7 decks)

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