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BIO 140 > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is Zoology?

A

The study of animals

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2
Q

Why do zoologists specialize in subdisciplines?

A

Cause the field is too large to be an expert at everything

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3
Q

Who is Carl Linnaeus?

A

Father of taxonomy

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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Field of naming and classifying organisms

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5
Q

Why is it important to classify organisms?

A

facilitates communication among scientists

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6
Q

How were organisms originally classified?

What is a potential problem with this?

A

By their appearance. Just because animals share characteristics doesn’t mean they are necessarily closely related (flying squirrel vs sugar glider)

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7
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Scientific name of a group of organisms of the same type (e.g. homo sapiens)

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8
Q

What is the order of the biological hierarchy?

A

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Sex?

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9
Q

What are the three domains of life and what are characteristics of each domain?

A

Bacteria - Simple single celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Archaea - Single celled prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions (thermal vents, hot springs, high salinity zones, etc.)

Eukarya - Single-celled and multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (this is humanity’s domain)

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10
Q

What does it mean to be prokaryotic?

A

“prokaryote” – before nucleus

belongs to Bacteria or Archaea

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11
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacteria can cause harm to humans

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12
Q

What does it mean to be eukaryotic?

A

Much larger than prokaryotic cells and belong to one of the four kingdoms

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13
Q

What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?

A
  1. Plantae
  2. Fungi
  3. Animalia
  4. Protista
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the four Eukarya kingdoms?

A
  1. Plantae - Multicellular, autotrophic, cell walls of cellulose
  2. Fungi - Multicellular, Heterotrophic, cell walls of chitin
  3. Animalia - Multicellular, Heterotrophic, no cell walls
  4. Protista - (mostly) single celled, autotrophic and heterotrophic species, some have cell walls
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15
Q

Why are members of the Protista often considered a “garbage disposal” group?

A

If it has a nucleus but isn’t a plant, fungus, or animal, it’s a protist

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16
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms over time

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17
Q

Which would you expect to share more DNA: animals of the same family or animals of the same genus? Explain

A

Genus. It is a smaller grouping of organisms than the family.

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18
Q

How does DNA help us to classify organisms as living things?

A

Phylogenies change with more information (usually DNA)

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19
Q

Are all living things related to one another? Explain

A

Yes. We all descend from the same primordial soup billions of years ago.

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20
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Illustrated hypotheses of evolutionary relatedness among different biological groups

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21
Q

What is a taxon?

A

Group of biological entities; Domains, families, species, whatevs

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22
Q

What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Common Ancestor; Where the two taxa meet-up, representing where the two groups separated back in time

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23
Q

What is a lineage?

A

Direct line of descent from an ancestor

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24
Q

Be able to read and interpret phylogenetic trees.

A
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25
Q

How is mapping traits onto phylogenetic trees useful?

A

to show where they evolved and which taxa share those traits

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26
Q

What are the criteria for life?

A
  1. Grow & Develop
  2. Maintain homeostasis
  3. Utilize energy
  4. Reproduce with DNA
  5. Respond to stimuli
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27
Q

How do criteria for life vary between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms have other organelles beyond what prokaryotes have

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28
Q

What are the major components of all cells?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
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29
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

Allows non-polar things to enter/leave cell
• O2, CO2, estrogen, testosterone
Stops charged and polar things from entering cell
• Glucose, Na+, Cl-

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30
Q

What kind of molecules can pass through the cell membrane? Which cannot?

A

You’re In: O2, CO2, estrogen, testosterone

You Shall Not Pass: Glucose, Na+, Cl-

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31
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Gooey inside of the cell

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32
Q

What does DNA do for organisms?

A

Provides genetic material

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33
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Makes proteins. Only organelle found in prokaryotes

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34
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures with specialized functions for the cells

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35
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Houses DNA and keeps it safe

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36
Q

What is the function of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Membrane channels that make:
• Proteins (rough E.R.)
• Lipids (smooth E.R.)

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37
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Packages products made by the cell
• Products are sent to different cells
• Very common in cells that secrete substances (e.g. hormones)
o Pancreatic cells, thyroid gland, hypothalamus
• Packages are called “vesicles”

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38
Q

What are vesicles and what is their function?

A

Packaged products of a cell (e.g. hormones)

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39
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Breakdown substances inside the cell

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40
Q

What is ATP and what does it do for cells?

A

Usable energy

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41
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

convert glucose into usable energy (ATP) via cellular respiration

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42
Q

What chemical reaction does mitochondria do?

A

Cellular respiration

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43
Q

How do mitochondria affect the color of meat?

Which muscles have more mitochondria?

A

Muscles that have more mitochondria have a darker color. Mitochondria is abundant in muscles that do a lot of work.

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44
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

A

maternally

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45
Q

Who is Mitochondrial Eve?

A

Female ancestor of all living humans

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46
Q

What are the characteristics found among all animals?

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. multicellular
  3. heterotrophic
  4. motile
  5. reproduce sexually
  6. HOX genes
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47
Q

What are HOX genes?

A

Code for location of structures

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48
Q

What does having HOX genes do for animals?

A

help lay out the basic body forms of animals. They set up the head-to-tail organization. Provide direction as an embryo develops: “Put the head here! Legs go over there!”

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49
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum Porifera?

A

o Soft-bodied, sessile (stationary) as adults and asymmetrical
o Composed of epithelial cells and choanocytes that work together (=tissue) to filter feed

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50
Q

What does it mean to be asymmetrical and sessile?

A

unbalanced in appearance and stationary

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51
Q

What are choanocytes? What do these cells do for the sponges?

A

line the inner epithelial layer of sponges; flagella and microvilli on inside pull water through the pores and create negative pressure

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52
Q

How are choanocytes similar to protists like the choanoflagellates?

A

share a collar-like structure indicative of possible common lineage

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53
Q

What are ostia and oscula?

A

Inlet and outlets for water

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54
Q

What is the path water takes through a sponge?

A

enters the ostia, works through the canal system into the cavity, exits the osculum at the top

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55
Q

How do sponges provide resources for other animals (e.g. fishes?)

A

By filtering the ocean, sponges turn microscopic materials into a macroscopic tissue

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56
Q

What does it mean to be monoecious?

A

Greek for “one house”

  • Individuals that make both sperm and eggs
  • Synonymous with hermaphroditic
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57
Q

How do marine sponges reproduce?

A
  1. Sperm exit osculum -> sperm enter ostia of different sponge -> fertilization occurs inside
  2. Larvae develop inside second sponge
  3. Larvae leave osculum and are carried away with current
  4. Settles on hard surface to finish development
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58
Q

How do freshwater sponges reproduce?

A

Form buds of clone tissue

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59
Q

What do we mean by sponges being “regenerative”?

A

Cut or broken pieces of sponge can form new individuals

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60
Q

How are sponges used by humans and dolphins?

A

o Soft sponges used for washing, padding for helmets, filtering water, etc.
o Bottlenose dolphins attach sponges to their noses while searching the sand for food
o “sea pearls” reusable tampons made from sponges

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61
Q

What type of animals belong to the phylum Cnidaria? What are their characteristics?

A

Stinging aquatic animals with radial symmetry

o Jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones, hydras, etc.

62
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

Animals with radial symmetry have many lines of symmetry. Because of the circular arrangement of their parts, radially symmetrical animals do not have distinct front or back ends. They may have distinct top and bottom sides.

63
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

o Specialized cells used for defense and feeding
o Includes stinging cells and sticky cells
o Fire only once and take about 2 days to be replaced

64
Q

How do cnidocytes help cnidarians catch their prey?

A

they sting and paralyze the prey readying it for consumption

65
Q

What type of tissues first show up in the Cnidarians?

A

First animals to evolve nervous and muscle tissue!

66
Q

What is bioluminescence and how does it help deep-sea cnidarians?

A

ability for organisms to glow in the dark, attracting prey

67
Q

How is bioluminescent light generated?

A

Bacteria in body produce light

68
Q

Describe the relationship between coral polyps and their symbiotic algae. Who gets what out of this relationship? What is coral bleaching and why is it happening?

A

Algae performs photosynthesis for the coral
Algae gets: Nitrogen and phosphorous from the polyp
Polyp gets: sugars from the algae
Coral bleaching is when stressed coral release their symbiotic algae (leading to coral death) and happens due to rising temps and acidity in ocean waters

69
Q

What threats are there to the Cnidarians?

A

over-hunting, collecting coral, eating anemones, sponges

70
Q

What are the two body forms found in the Cnidaria?

A

polyp and medusa

71
Q

How do jellyfish reproduce? How do polyps make offspring? How do medusas make offspring?

A

Sexually and asexually.
Polyps: asexually through budding
Medusa: sexually through meiosis

72
Q

How are coral different from anemones?

A

Corals form colonies, anemones are mostly solitary

73
Q

What organisms belong to the phylum Ctenophora?

A

Comb Jellies

74
Q

How do Ctenophorans move?

A

they have 8 rows of ciliated “combs” for movement

75
Q

What are comb rows and colloblast cells?

A

specialized cells for movement and sticky cells used to capture prey

76
Q

What is meant by Ctenophorans/comb jellies having direct development?

A

no polyp form, they’re just born as little baby comb jellies

77
Q

What are the three phyla of worms discussed in class?

A
  1. Platyheltminthes
  2. Annelida
  3. Nematoda
78
Q

What are the primary example organisms (discussed in class) for each worm phylum?

A
  1. Platyheltminthes - Flat worms
  2. Annelida - Segmented worms
  3. Nematoda - Round worms
79
Q

What is penis fencing?

A

a method of reproduction for some flat worms where the organisms compete to impregnate the other

80
Q

How do planaria reproduce?

A
  1. sperm exchange

2. asexual reproduction via fission (can be cut into 1/279th and regenerate)

81
Q

Describe the cycle of the chinese liver fluke? What is its common intermediate hosts?

A

snail > fish > human

82
Q

Why do humans contract the chinese liver fluke parasite?

A

eating undercooked fish

83
Q

What are some of the physical features of tapeworms?

A

lack mouth and digestive track, spiny scolex head to attach to intestine walls, majority of the worm is a series of egg sacs

84
Q

What is a scolex?

A

the spiny head that attaches to the intestine wall

85
Q

How do tapeworms affect humans?

A

parasitic organism that absorbs nutrition from the host, leaving the host without nutrients of their own.

86
Q

Why did humans purposefully consume tapeworms in the early 1900s?

A

diet treatment

87
Q

Why is it important that endoparasites like tapeworms self-fertilize their own eggs?

A

high likelihood that they won’t have a sexual partner

88
Q

What is unique about the repeating segments in the Annelida?

A

each segment has excretory, nervous, and circulatory structures

89
Q

What are setae?

A

small extension along side of body for gripping

90
Q

What are parapodia?

A

fake feet for locomotion

91
Q

What is a clitellum?

A

a band-aid looking structure that secretes mucus during copulation (visible on leeches during mating season)

92
Q

How do earthworms reproduce?

A

reciprocal sperm exchange, each gives and receives sperm over 2-3 hours

93
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

feed on the blood of animals of a particular group (fishes or mammals)

94
Q

What is hirudin and how does it help leeches to feed?

A

it’s an anticoagulant which allows them to to gorge 2-10x their body weight in blood

95
Q

Where are leeches found?

A

mostly calm water, but there are terrestrial leeches too

96
Q

How are leeches useful to humans?

A

medicinal leeches help w/immune responses, clotting issues, hematomas, finger reattachment, pain treatment, etc.

97
Q

Where are nematodes commonly found?

A

everywhere, most abundant animals on earth. 90% of animals on ocean floor though

98
Q

Are all nematodes parasitic?

99
Q

How do people contract nematode parasites?

A

drinking contaminated water, black flies, mosquitos

100
Q

What are some of the diseases nematodes can cause in humans?

A

elephantisis, trichonosis, heartworm, guinea worm, pinworms

101
Q

How do humans contract guinea worm?

A

worm larvae lives inside a copepod which humans drink in unfiltered water

102
Q

How do filarial worms affect humans and pets?

A

can cause elephantisis and heartworm

103
Q

Are all worms closely related to each other? Use the phylogenetic tree to help

A

no. some are more closely related to mollusks than one another

104
Q

What types of animals are in the phylum mollusca?

A

snails, slugs, bivalves, nautiluses, octopi, squid, cuttlefish

105
Q

What are the foot, visceral mass, and mantle in mollusks?

A

Foot - For attachment and locomotion
Visceral mass - Squishy bulk of animal, including all the organs
Mantle - Tissue layer attached to top of the visceral mass that enfolds most of the body
• Can secrete a calcium shell (snails)
• Mantle cavity (air pocket) for gas and waste exchange

106
Q

What is a radula?

A

Rasping tongue like structure w/”chitinous teeth” that scrapes algae and bacteria off surfaces (e.g. rocks)

107
Q

What is the primary difference between snails and slugs?

A

snails have exterior shell

108
Q

How do terrestrial slugs reproduce?

A

wrap penises and perform reciprocal sperm exchange

109
Q

What is a pneumostome?

A

A small opening in the mantle through which air passes, like a gastropod nose

110
Q

What is a bivalve?

A

Sheet-like mantle and a shell consisting of two sides that form a hinge

111
Q

How are pearls made by bivalves?

A

result of the mantle secreting calcium to encase an intruder, debris, etc.

112
Q

How are zebra mussles impacting the Great Lakes?

A

super invasive species that has spread all over the great lakes

113
Q

How do zebra mussels get into different bodies of water?

A

their larvae are incredibly small and attach to boats. Unless the boat is removed from the water and cleaned between every use it will transport the larvae to other places

114
Q

What is a cephalopod?

A

most complex mollusks (nautiluses, squids, cuttlefish)

115
Q

How do we know many cephalopods are intelligent?

A

They can do mazes, solve puzzles, and retain info for 4 months

116
Q

How has the foot been modified in cephalopods?

A

turned into a circle of arms

117
Q

How many hearts does an octopus have and what do they do?

A

three hearts: one pumps blood around the body; the other two pump blood to the gills

118
Q

What are chromatophores? Why are they important for the animal?

A
  • Color cells that rapidly change the color of the organism (camouflage)
  • Some also have bioluminescence
  • Many produce ink for defense
119
Q

How long do octopuses live?

A

1-5 years, die after laying eggs

120
Q

How do cephalopods reproduce?

A

Males have one arm that is modified for sperm transfer, which they insert into the females oviduct

121
Q

What are some of the characteristics of nautiluses? How are they different from other cephalopods?

A
  • Shelled cephalopod that swims backwards
  • Very basic brain and eyes compared to other cephalopods
  • Only one with a shell
122
Q

How does the morphology of octopi, cuttlefish, and squids differ?

A 
Octopus
- 8 arms w/round head
- Most change texture and color for camouflage
Cuttlefish
- 8 arms and 2 tentacles
- W shaped pupil
Squid
- 8 arms and 2 tentacles (that are longer than arms)
- Fins on side of long triangular head
123
Q

What does it mean to reproduce?

A

to create another organism

124
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

reproduction without the help of another organism

125
Q

What are fission and budding?

A

methods of asexual reproduction

126
Q

What are some organisms that use asexual reproduction?

A

sponges, worms, hydras, jellyfish, and on and on and on

127
Q

How do the genetics of the offspring in asexual reproduction compare to their parents?

A

They’re genetically indentical

128
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Formation of sperm and egg cells (gametes) that fuse to form offspring

129
Q

How do the genetics of offspring compare to parents in sexual reproduction?

A

Offspring are genetically different from parents

130
Q

Why is sexual reproduction advantageous?

A

ever changing world means that the entire species won’t be vulnerable to the same thing

131
Q

What form of cell division produces gametes?

132
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis in sexual organisms? In asexual organisms?

A

growth and repair of cells, and asexual reproduction

133
Q

What must a cell do before it begins mitosis? Why?

A

the cell gets larger and duplicates its DNA and organelles (interphase)

134
Q

What are the 5 major steps of mitosis?

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
PMAT+C
135
Q

How many cells are produced at the end of mitosis?

136
Q

How do the genetics of cells produced during mitosis compare to each other?

137
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

last phase of cytokinesis where the cytoplasm and cell membrane splits, forming two identical daughter cells

138
Q

What does it mean to be monoecious?

A

one house - creates both sperm and eggs (sponges)

139
Q

What does it mean to be dioecious?

A

make sperm OR egg cells (mammals)

140
Q

What type of cells are made during meiosis? Why must they have half the cells as the parent organism?

A

gametes, because they fuse with another gamete to reproduce

141
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A
  • Matching chromosomes from both mom and dad that carry the same genetic information
  • They are the same size and shape and carry the same genes
142
Q

What are sex chromosomes? How do they differ between males and females?

A

Only pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females
o Females are XX
o Males are XY

143
Q

What is the importance of the Y chromosome?

A

identifies males

144
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Special form of cell division that produces sperm and egg cells

145
Q

Why does meiosis go through two rounds of cell division?

A

Cells split twice, so the gametes have only half the number of chromosomes as the parent animal

146
Q

How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis? How does the genetic makeup of these cells compare to each other?

A

• End with 4 unique haploid cells

147
Q

What is crossing over? Why is it important?

A

Dad dna and mom dna swap, promotes genetic diversity

148
Q

Understand the summary slide comparing mitosis and meiosis.

149
Q

What happens when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis? How does this relate to Down’s syndrome?

A

often results in death of embryo shortly after fertilization. Down’s syndrome cause by three copies of chromosome 21.

150
Q

What does it mean to be intersex?

A

Spectrum of reproductive variabilities in-between “male” and “female”

151
Q

What are Trisomy X, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, and Turner’s Syndrome?

A

Trisomy X (XXX) - Females with infertility, tall stature, wide-set eyes, learning disabilities, early menopause

Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY) - Males w/infertility, small testicles, less muscle and body hair, may develop small breasts
- May have difficulty w/reading and writing

Turner’s Syndrome (X_) - Females w/infertility, small breasts, webbed neck, low set ears, short stature
- May have difficulty w/spatial reasoning and mathematics

BIO 140 (7 decks)

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