Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What is Zoology?
A
The study of animals
2
Q
Why do zoologists specialize in subdisciplines?
A
Cause the field is too large to be an expert at everything
3
Q
Who is Carl Linnaeus?
A
Father of taxonomy
4
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
Field of naming and classifying organisms
5
Q
Why is it important to classify organisms?
A
facilitates communication among scientists
6
Q
How were organisms originally classified?
What is a potential problem with this?
A
By their appearance. Just because animals share characteristics doesn’t mean they are necessarily closely related (flying squirrel vs sugar glider)
7
Q
What is binomial nomenclature?
A
Scientific name of a group of organisms of the same type (e.g. homo sapiens)
8
Q
What is the order of the biological hierarchy?
A
Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Sex?
9
Q
What are the three domains of life and what are characteristics of each domain?
A
Bacteria - Simple single celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Archaea - Single celled prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions (thermal vents, hot springs, high salinity zones, etc.)
Eukarya - Single-celled and multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (this is humanity’s domain)
10
Q
What does it mean to be prokaryotic?
A
“prokaryote” – before nucleus
belongs to Bacteria or Archaea
11
Q
What is the difference between bacteria and archaea?
A
Bacteria can cause harm to humans
12
Q
What does it mean to be eukaryotic?
A
Much larger than prokaryotic cells and belong to one of the four kingdoms
13
Q
What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?
A
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Protista
14
Q
What are the characteristics of the four Eukarya kingdoms?
A
- Plantae - Multicellular, autotrophic, cell walls of cellulose
- Fungi - Multicellular, Heterotrophic, cell walls of chitin
- Animalia - Multicellular, Heterotrophic, no cell walls
- Protista - (mostly) single celled, autotrophic and heterotrophic species, some have cell walls
15
Q
Why are members of the Protista often considered a “garbage disposal” group?
A
If it has a nucleus but isn’t a plant, fungus, or animal, it’s a protist
16
Q
What is evolution?
A
Change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms over time
17
Q
Which would you expect to share more DNA: animals of the same family or animals of the same genus? Explain
A
Genus. It is a smaller grouping of organisms than the family.
18
Q
How does DNA help us to classify organisms as living things?
A
Phylogenies change with more information (usually DNA)
19
Q
Are all living things related to one another? Explain
A
Yes. We all descend from the same primordial soup billions of years ago.
20
Q
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A
Illustrated hypotheses of evolutionary relatedness among different biological groups
21
Q
What is a taxon?
A
Group of biological entities; Domains, families, species, whatevs
22
Q
What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree?
A
Common Ancestor; Where the two taxa meet-up, representing where the two groups separated back in time
23
Q
What is a lineage?
A
Direct line of descent from an ancestor
24
Q
Be able to read and interpret phylogenetic trees.
A
25
How is mapping traits onto phylogenetic trees useful?
to show where they evolved and which taxa share those traits
26
What are the criteria for life?
1. Grow & Develop
2. Maintain homeostasis
3. Utilize energy
4. Reproduce with DNA
5. Respond to stimuli
27
How do criteria for life vary between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Multicellular organisms have other organelles beyond what prokaryotes have
28
What are the major components of all cells?
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA
4. Ribosomes
29
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
Allows non-polar things to enter/leave cell
• O2, CO2, estrogen, testosterone
Stops charged and polar things from entering cell
• Glucose, Na+, Cl-
30
What kind of molecules can pass through the cell membrane? Which cannot?
You're In: O2, CO2, estrogen, testosterone
| You Shall Not Pass: Glucose, Na+, Cl-
31
What is the cytoplasm?
Gooey inside of the cell
32
What does DNA do for organisms?
Provides genetic material
33
What is the function of ribosomes?
Makes proteins. Only organelle found in prokaryotes
34
What are organelles?
Structures with specialized functions for the cells
35
What is the function of the nucleus?
Houses DNA and keeps it safe
36
What is the function of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Membrane channels that make:
• Proteins (rough E.R.)
• Lipids (smooth E.R.)
37
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Packages products made by the cell
• Products are sent to different cells
• Very common in cells that secrete substances (e.g. hormones)
o Pancreatic cells, thyroid gland, hypothalamus
• Packages are called “vesicles”
38
What are vesicles and what is their function?
Packaged products of a cell (e.g. hormones)
39
What is the function of lysosomes?
Breakdown substances inside the cell
40
What is ATP and what does it do for cells?
Usable energy
41
What is the function of mitochondria?
convert glucose into usable energy (ATP) via cellular respiration
42
What chemical reaction does mitochondria do?
Cellular respiration
43
How do mitochondria affect the color of meat?
| Which muscles have more mitochondria?
Muscles that have more mitochondria have a darker color. Mitochondria is abundant in muscles that do a lot of work.
44
How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?
maternally
45
Who is Mitochondrial Eve?
Female ancestor of all living humans
46
What are the characteristics found among all animals?
1. Eukaryotic
2. multicellular
3. heterotrophic
4. motile
5. reproduce sexually
6. HOX genes
47
What are HOX genes?
Code for location of structures
48
What does having HOX genes do for animals?
help lay out the basic body forms of animals. They set up the head-to-tail organization. Provide direction as an embryo develops: “Put the head here! Legs go over there!”
49
What are the characteristics of the phylum Porifera?
o Soft-bodied, sessile (stationary) as adults and asymmetrical
o Composed of epithelial cells and choanocytes that work together (=tissue) to filter feed
50
What does it mean to be asymmetrical and sessile?
unbalanced in appearance and stationary
51
What are choanocytes? What do these cells do for the sponges?
line the inner epithelial layer of sponges; flagella and microvilli on inside pull water through the pores and create negative pressure
52
How are choanocytes similar to protists like the choanoflagellates?
share a collar-like structure indicative of possible common lineage
53
What are ostia and oscula?
Inlet and outlets for water
54
What is the path water takes through a sponge?
enters the ostia, works through the canal system into the cavity, exits the osculum at the top
55
How do sponges provide resources for other animals (e.g. fishes?)
By filtering the ocean, sponges turn microscopic materials into a macroscopic tissue
56
What does it mean to be monoecious?
Greek for “one house”
- Individuals that make both sperm and eggs
- Synonymous with hermaphroditic
57
How do marine sponges reproduce?
1. Sperm exit osculum -> sperm enter ostia of different sponge -> fertilization occurs inside
2. Larvae develop inside second sponge
3. Larvae leave osculum and are carried away with current
4. Settles on hard surface to finish development
58
How do freshwater sponges reproduce?
Form buds of clone tissue
59
What do we mean by sponges being "regenerative"?
Cut or broken pieces of sponge can form new individuals
60
How are sponges used by humans and dolphins?
o Soft sponges used for washing, padding for helmets, filtering water, etc.
o Bottlenose dolphins attach sponges to their noses while searching the sand for food
o “sea pearls” reusable tampons made from sponges
61
What type of animals belong to the phylum Cnidaria? What are their characteristics?
Stinging aquatic animals with radial symmetry
| o Jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones, hydras, etc.
62
What is radial symmetry?
Animals with radial symmetry have many lines of symmetry. Because of the circular arrangement of their parts, radially symmetrical animals do not have distinct front or back ends. They may have distinct top and bottom sides.
63
What are cnidocytes?
o Specialized cells used for defense and feeding
o Includes stinging cells and sticky cells
o Fire only once and take about 2 days to be replaced
64
How do cnidocytes help cnidarians catch their prey?
they sting and paralyze the prey readying it for consumption
65
What type of tissues first show up in the Cnidarians?
First animals to evolve nervous and muscle tissue!
66
What is bioluminescence and how does it help deep-sea cnidarians?
ability for organisms to glow in the dark, attracting prey
67
How is bioluminescent light generated?
Bacteria in body produce light
68
Describe the relationship between coral polyps and their symbiotic algae. Who gets what out of this relationship? What is coral bleaching and why is it happening?
Algae performs photosynthesis for the coral
Algae gets: Nitrogen and phosphorous from the polyp
Polyp gets: sugars from the algae
Coral bleaching is when stressed coral release their symbiotic algae (leading to coral death) and happens due to rising temps and acidity in ocean waters
69
What threats are there to the Cnidarians?
over-hunting, collecting coral, eating anemones, sponges
70
What are the two body forms found in the Cnidaria?
polyp and medusa
71
How do jellyfish reproduce? How do polyps make offspring? How do medusas make offspring?
Sexually and asexually.
Polyps: asexually through budding
Medusa: sexually through meiosis
72
How are coral different from anemones?
Corals form colonies, anemones are mostly solitary
73
What organisms belong to the phylum Ctenophora?
Comb Jellies
74
How do Ctenophorans move?
they have 8 rows of ciliated "combs" for movement
75
What are comb rows and colloblast cells?
specialized cells for movement and sticky cells used to capture prey
76
What is meant by Ctenophorans/comb jellies having direct development?
no polyp form, they're just born as little baby comb jellies
77
What are the three phyla of worms discussed in class?
1. Platyheltminthes
2. Annelida
3. Nematoda
78
What are the primary example organisms (discussed in class) for each worm phylum?
1. Platyheltminthes - Flat worms
2. Annelida - Segmented worms
3. Nematoda - Round worms
79
What is penis fencing?
a method of reproduction for some flat worms where the organisms compete to impregnate the other
80
How do planaria reproduce?
1. sperm exchange
| 2. asexual reproduction via fission (can be cut into 1/279th and regenerate)
81
Describe the cycle of the chinese liver fluke? What is its common intermediate hosts?
snail > fish > human
82
Why do humans contract the chinese liver fluke parasite?
eating undercooked fish
83
What are some of the physical features of tapeworms?
lack mouth and digestive track, spiny scolex head to attach to intestine walls, majority of the worm is a series of egg sacs
84
What is a scolex?
the spiny head that attaches to the intestine wall
85
How do tapeworms affect humans?
parasitic organism that absorbs nutrition from the host, leaving the host without nutrients of their own.
86
Why did humans purposefully consume tapeworms in the early 1900s?
diet treatment
87
Why is it important that endoparasites like tapeworms self-fertilize their own eggs?
high likelihood that they won't have a sexual partner
88
What is unique about the repeating segments in the Annelida?
each segment has excretory, nervous, and circulatory structures
89
What are setae?
small extension along side of body for gripping
90
What are parapodia?
fake feet for locomotion
91
What is a clitellum?
a band-aid looking structure that secretes mucus during copulation (visible on leeches during mating season)
92
How do earthworms reproduce?
reciprocal sperm exchange, each gives and receives sperm over 2-3 hours
93
What is an ectoparasite?
feed on the blood of animals of a particular group (fishes or mammals)
94
What is hirudin and how does it help leeches to feed?
it's an anticoagulant which allows them to to gorge 2-10x their body weight in blood
95
Where are leeches found?
mostly calm water, but there are terrestrial leeches too
96
How are leeches useful to humans?
medicinal leeches help w/immune responses, clotting issues, hematomas, finger reattachment, pain treatment, etc.
97
Where are nematodes commonly found?
everywhere, most abundant animals on earth. 90% of animals on ocean floor though
98
Are all nematodes parasitic?
no
99
How do people contract nematode parasites?
drinking contaminated water, black flies, mosquitos
100
What are some of the diseases nematodes can cause in humans?
elephantisis, trichonosis, heartworm, guinea worm, pinworms
101
How do humans contract guinea worm?
worm larvae lives inside a copepod which humans drink in unfiltered water
102
How do filarial worms affect humans and pets?
can cause elephantisis and heartworm
103
Are all worms closely related to each other? Use the phylogenetic tree to help
no. some are more closely related to mollusks than one another
104
What types of animals are in the phylum mollusca?
snails, slugs, bivalves, nautiluses, octopi, squid, cuttlefish
105
What are the foot, visceral mass, and mantle in mollusks?
Foot - For attachment and locomotion
Visceral mass - Squishy bulk of animal, including all the organs
Mantle - Tissue layer attached to top of the visceral mass that enfolds most of the body
• Can secrete a calcium shell (snails)
• Mantle cavity (air pocket) for gas and waste exchange
106
What is a radula?
Rasping tongue like structure w/”chitinous teeth” that scrapes algae and bacteria off surfaces (e.g. rocks)
107
What is the primary difference between snails and slugs?
snails have exterior shell
108
How do terrestrial slugs reproduce?
wrap penises and perform reciprocal sperm exchange
109
What is a pneumostome?
A small opening in the mantle through which air passes, like a gastropod nose
110
What is a bivalve?
Sheet-like mantle and a shell consisting of two sides that form a hinge
111
How are pearls made by bivalves?
result of the mantle secreting calcium to encase an intruder, debris, etc.
112
How are zebra mussles impacting the Great Lakes?
super invasive species that has spread all over the great lakes
113
How do zebra mussels get into different bodies of water?
their larvae are incredibly small and attach to boats. Unless the boat is removed from the water and cleaned between every use it will transport the larvae to other places
114
What is a cephalopod?
most complex mollusks (nautiluses, squids, cuttlefish)
115
How do we know many cephalopods are intelligent?
They can do mazes, solve puzzles, and retain info for 4 months
116
How has the foot been modified in cephalopods?
turned into a circle of arms
117
How many hearts does an octopus have and what do they do?
three hearts: one pumps blood around the body; the other two pump blood to the gills
118
What are chromatophores? Why are they important for the animal?
- Color cells that rapidly change the color of the organism (camouflage)
- Some also have bioluminescence
- Many produce ink for defense
119
How long do octopuses live?
1-5 years, die after laying eggs
120
How do cephalopods reproduce?
Males have one arm that is modified for sperm transfer, which they insert into the females oviduct
121
What are some of the characteristics of nautiluses? How are they different from other cephalopods?
- Shelled cephalopod that swims backwards
- Very basic brain and eyes compared to other cephalopods
- Only one with a shell
122
How does the morphology of octopi, cuttlefish, and squids differ?
```
Octopus
- 8 arms w/round head
- Most change texture and color for camouflage
Cuttlefish
- 8 arms and 2 tentacles
- W shaped pupil
Squid
- 8 arms and 2 tentacles (that are longer than arms)
- Fins on side of long triangular head
```
123
What does it mean to reproduce?
to create another organism
124
What is asexual reproduction?
reproduction without the help of another organism
125
What are fission and budding?
methods of asexual reproduction
126
What are some organisms that use asexual reproduction?
sponges, worms, hydras, jellyfish, and on and on and on
127
How do the genetics of the offspring in asexual reproduction compare to their parents?
They're genetically indentical
128
What is sexual reproduction?
Formation of sperm and egg cells (gametes) that fuse to form offspring
129
How do the genetics of offspring compare to parents in sexual reproduction?
Offspring are genetically different from parents
130
Why is sexual reproduction advantageous?
ever changing world means that the entire species won't be vulnerable to the same thing
131
What form of cell division produces gametes?
meiosis
132
What is the purpose of mitosis in sexual organisms? In asexual organisms?
growth and repair of cells, and asexual reproduction
133
What must a cell do before it begins mitosis? Why?
the cell gets larger and duplicates its DNA and organelles (interphase)
134
What are the 5 major steps of mitosis?
```
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
PMAT+C
```
135
How many cells are produced at the end of mitosis?
2
136
How do the genetics of cells produced during mitosis compare to each other?
identical
137
What is cytokinesis?
last phase of cytokinesis where the cytoplasm and cell membrane splits, forming two identical daughter cells
138
What does it mean to be monoecious?
one house - creates both sperm and eggs (sponges)
139
What does it mean to be dioecious?
make sperm OR egg cells (mammals)
140
What type of cells are made during meiosis? Why must they have half the cells as the parent organism?
gametes, because they fuse with another gamete to reproduce
141
What is a homologous pair?
- Matching chromosomes from both mom and dad that carry the same genetic information
- They are the same size and shape and carry the same genes
142
What are sex chromosomes? How do they differ between males and females?
Only pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females
o Females are XX
o Males are XY
143
What is the importance of the Y chromosome?
identifies males
144
What is the purpose of meiosis?
Special form of cell division that produces sperm and egg cells
145
Why does meiosis go through two rounds of cell division?
Cells split twice, so the gametes have only half the number of chromosomes as the parent animal
146
How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis? How does the genetic makeup of these cells compare to each other?
• End with 4 unique haploid cells
147
What is crossing over? Why is it important?
Dad dna and mom dna swap, promotes genetic diversity
148
Understand the summary slide comparing mitosis and meiosis.
149
What happens when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis? How does this relate to Down's syndrome?
often results in death of embryo shortly after fertilization. Down's syndrome cause by three copies of chromosome 21.
150
What does it mean to be intersex?
Spectrum of reproductive variabilities in-between “male” and “female”
151
What are Trisomy X, Klinefelter's Syndrome, and Turner's Syndrome?
Trisomy X (XXX) - Females with infertility, tall stature, wide-set eyes, learning disabilities, early menopause
Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY) - Males w/infertility, small testicles, less muscle and body hair, may develop small breasts
- May have difficulty w/reading and writing
Turner’s Syndrome (X_) - Females w/infertility, small breasts, webbed neck, low set ears, short stature
- May have difficulty w/spatial reasoning and mathematics
