EXAM 2: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Flashcards
What are the 3 propositions by Baumister on the Limited Strength Model of Self-Control?
1) Amount or strength of will-power is critical to the success of self control
2) the exertion of self-control depletes some of this resource and hence…
3) Subsequent attempts at self control are increasingly likely to fail
Describe the Reactance Theory
1) Reactance and helplessness both arise from outcome expectancies
2) Reactance is rooted in perceived control, whereas helplessness is rooted in the perceived absence of control
3) A reactive response comes before a helplessness response
4) A reactive response enhances performance, whereas helplessness response undermines it
What does Bandura say is the root cause of Anxiety?
Low Self-Efficacy
What are the 4 consequences (components?) of adopting a mastery goal vs. performance goal? and what does this lead us to?
1) preference for a challenging task one can learn from
2) Use conceptually based learning strategies Ex: relating information to existing knowledge rather than using superficial memorization
3) experience greater intrinsic rather than extrinsic motivation
4) more likely to ask for help or information
Leads us to : A) work harder B) persist longer and C) Perform better
Describe and discriminate between growth and fixed mindset. How does this affect goals and how do they respond to negative feedback?
Entity (fixed) –> Judgement –> Helplessness (quit):
- Goal is to appear as smart and able as possible in order to be judged favourably
- if negative feedback they tend to quit as they don’t want to be perceived negatively
Incremental (growth) –> development –> Mastery
- growth and learning are the goal not judgement
- not as bothered by what people think of them
- want an A but happy with a B if they worked hard for it
- Negative feedback, focus on new strategy to improve, increase effort and don’t quit
Cognitive Dissonance
The near universal self-view that one is moral, competent and a reasonable person
a) consistency - informational and behavioural actions confirm that you are competent, moral, and reasonable
b) dissonance - informational and behavioural actions confirm that you are NOT competent, moral, and reasonable
Describe the deliberative-implmental mindset
two sequential ways of thinking to differentiate patterns of thought that occur during the goal setting and goal striving process
a) deliberative: an open minded way of thinking to consider the desirability and feasibility of a range of possible goals that one might or might not pursue
b) implemental: a post decisional close minded way of thinking that considers only information related to goal attainment and shields against non-goal related considerations
Describe promotion-prevention mindset (regulatory focus theory)
Two different orientations people adopt during goal striving to distinguish an eager improvement based regulatory style from a vigilant security-based regulatory style
a) promotion: a focus on advancing the self towards ideals by adopting an eager locomotion behavioural story.
win means a gain. focus on possibility of growth/advancement. move from present state to ideal state. proactive, approach, growth
EX: attending all classes, spend more time at the library = enjoyment and satisfaction
b) prevention: a focus on preventing the self from not maintaining ones duties and responsibilities by adopting a vigilant behavioural style .
win means maintain (not lose). focus on obligations and responsibilties, play it safe, do the right thing, avoidance
EX: avoid missing classes, spend less time socializing = very little/ enjoyment and satisfaction.
Describe the Growth (incremental theorists)-Fixed (entity theorists) mindset
Two contrasting ways of thinking about the nature of ones personal qualities
a) Growth (incremental): the belief that one’s personal qualities are malleable, changeable, and can be developed through effort
b) Fixed (entity): the belief that one’s personal qualities are fixed, set, and not open to change
What are the 3 primary reasons why implementation intentions have positive effects on goal striving? (examples of implementation intentions to solve 3 self- regulation problems inherent in goal striving)
1) Getting Started : “if this is sunday morning, I will start studying for my midterm”
2) Staying on track - avoiding temptations: “if my phone buzzes with a text, I will ignore it and keep working”
3) Resuming after an interruption: “ after I finish this phone call I will go back to studying”
The type of goal you set determines the extent to which performance is enhanced, describe the 3 characteristics of goals that will enhance performance
1) difficult goals; energize behaviour - the harder the goal, the greater the effort we expend to accomplish it. must be attainable goal but also not too easy.
2) Specific Goal - tell us where to concentrate and tells us precisely what needs to be done. reduce ambiguity in thought and variability in performance
3) Self-congruent goals - reflect our needs and preferences, while self discrepant goals reflect social obligations or external pressures. Self-congruent goals reflects authentic goals in harmony with self. self-discrepant goals neglect self interest, needs, and feel artificial and conflicting with self
