Exam 2 short answer Flashcards
List the layers of the epidermis. Be able to describe each layer. ( BSGLC)
- Stratum Basale: Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells
–Stratum spinosum: Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes
–Stratum granulosum: Typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating
–Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin): A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
–Stratum corneum: Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead cells
Define apoptosis. Why is it important?
Controlled cellular suicide
it is important because it allows us to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair
Define cyanosis. What condition(s) could cause each of these symptoms?
Blue skin color - low oxygenation of hemoglobin
Define jaundice. What condition(s) could cause each of these symptoms?
(yellow cast) –Liver disorder
Differentiate between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.
Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas with many hair follicles, such as on the scalp, armpits and groin.
Describe the functions of the integumentary system. 6
Protection: chemical, physical, biological
*Body temperature regulation
*Cutaneous sensation
*Metabolic functions
*Blood reservoir
*Excretion
Define benign, metastasis, tumor
-Benign tumors are those that stay in their primary location without invading other sites of the body
metastasis: the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
ABCD rule.
rule to identify potential types of skin cancer.
“Asymmetrical, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving.
Describe the 3 degrees of burns
Partial Thickness !st and 2nd degree burns
First degree: Epidermal damage only
–Localized redness, (swelling), and pain
Second degree; Epidermal and upper dermal damage, Blisters appear
Third Degree burn; full thickness Entire thickness of skin involved, Skin gray-white, cherry red, or blackened
*Not painful (nerve endings destroyed) or swollen
*Skin grafting usually necessary
What is the rule of nines? What does this rule determine?
used to evaluate burn severity by dividing the bodies surface area into percentages
–Used to estimate volume of fluid loss
Describe some of the treatments for burns. What is debridement?
-Debridement (removal) of burned skin
–Antibiotics
–Temporary covering
–Skin grafts
Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton.
Axial skeleton
* Long axis of body
* Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
* Bones of upper and lower limbs
* Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Know the 7 functions the skeletal system.
- Support
– Protection
– Movement
– Mineral and growth factor storage
– Blood cell formation
– Triglyceride (fat) storage
– Hormone production
Know the attachments of tendons and ligaments.
Ligaments connect two or more bones together and help stabilize joints. Tendons attach muscle to bone
Differentiate between endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Identify which bones are formed by which types of ossification.
Endochondral ossification: Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage - Forms most of skeleton ( long bones)
Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops from fibrous membrane, Bones called membrane bones. Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
Know the functions of calcium.
- Nerve impulse transmission
– Muscle contraction
– Blood coagulation
– Secretion by glands and nerve cells
– Cell division
Describe the negative feedback involving PTH and calcium reabsorption.
Controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
low Blood Ca2+ levels >PTH release> PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone
matrix, releasing Ca2+ > high Blood Ca2+ levels > PTH release ends
Know the 4 steps of bone repair.
- hematoma forms
- Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodeling occurs
Define sinuses. What are their functions?
a cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities.
Functions: Warmth and humidify air, Help to lighten
skull, enhance resonance of voice
Describe the fontanelles. What are their functions?
Large areas of fibrous connective tissue
Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
Allow the skull to flex during birth
-allow for growth of the brain and skull during an infant’s first year
Define kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
Kyphosis: curvature of the spine that causes the top of the back to appear more rounded than normal
Lordosis: excessive inward curvature of the spine.
Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
How many vertebrae are located in each section of the vertebral column? What is the function of the
vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 caudal vertebrae.
Function: provides attachments to muscles, supports the trunk, protects the spinal cord and nerve roots
Differentiate between the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle.
The pectoral girdle is situated in the pectoral region of the body and joins the upper limb to the body. The pelvic girdle is situated in the pelvic region of the body and joins the lower limb to the body. 2. It is composed of two bones namely clavicle or collar bone and scapula.
Which 3 bones form the pelvis?
ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Which 2 bones form the knee joint?
Femur and tibia
