Ch 3 and 4 Flashcards
What is a cell?
the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
Know the three basic parts of a cell. (nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm)
• Nucleus: controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.
• Plasma membrane: consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable, it regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
• Cytoplasm: the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
Know the structure of the plasma membrane and the lipid bilayer
The plasma membrane: Lipid bilayer and proteins in constantly changing fluid mosaic, Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF). The lipid bilayer has lipid tails that are hydrophilic and lipid tails that are hydrophobic
Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
Hydrophilic: water loving
Hydrophobic: water fearing
What are the functions of the nucleus?
• Control of metabolism
• storage and processing of genetic information
• control of protein synthesis
Know the 6 functions of membrane proteins
- Transport
- Receptors for signal transduction
- Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
- Enzymatic activity
- Intercellular joining
- Cell-cell recognition
What is meant by “selectively permeable” membrane
• Allows some materials to move freely. Restricts other materials
• Restricts materials based on Size, Electrical charge, Molecular shape, Lipid solubility.
Describe autolysis and the role of the lysosome
Self-destruction of damaged cells
• Lysosome membranes break down
• Digestive enzymes released
• Cell decomposes
• Cellular materials recycle
Understand passive vs. active transport.
• Active (requiring energy and ATP)
• Passive (no energy required)
Know the 3 types of diffusion (simple, facilitated, and osmosis) and understand filtration
• Simple diffusion: he movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. ( Fatty acids, alcohols, steroids, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Facilitated Diffusion: molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers
• Osmosis: is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
• Filtration: the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles
Understand how molecules move up or down a concentration gradient
Through osmosis, active transport and passive transport.
Know how osmosis works and its importance.
• More solute molecules, lower concentration of water molecules
• Membrane must be freely permeable to water, selectively permeable to solutes
• Water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more solutes
• Volume increases on the side with more solutes
Define isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic and how these solutions affect cells.
Isotonic: A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell ( cells remains the same)
Hypertonic: Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis ( cells loses water and shrivels up/shrinks)
Hypotonic: Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis ( cells gains water and expands)
Describe primary active transport. Provide an example
Primary active transport: Sodium–potassium exchange pump
• Active transport, carrier mediated
• Sodium ions (Na+) out, potassium ions (K+) in
• 1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K
Define exocytosis and endocytosis
• Exocytosis: Granules or droplets are released from the cell
• Endocytosis: the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.
Know the functions and mechanisms of phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Phagocytosis: the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes ( function: elimination of bacteria and foreign objects.
Pinocytosis: Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands) SLIDE 46
- Know the definition of “tissue
Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related functions
Identify the 4 types of tissues
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nerve
Know the functions and characteristics of epithelial tissues
Functions: Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion, Sensory reception
Characteristics: Specialized contacts, supported by connective tissues, avascular, but innervated, can regenerate
Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands
• Exocrine: glands that secrete substances on to an epithelial surface by way of a duct
• Endocrine: ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood.
Define mucous and unicellular glands.
Mucous: relating to, producing, covered with, or of the nature of mucus. The only important unicellular glands are mucous cells and goblet cells
Unicellular glands: consist of single cells specialized for secretion scattered amongst other non-secretory epithelial cells of a surface membrane and are ductless
What are the 3 types of secretions from multicellular glands
• Merocrine – most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced
• Holocrine – accumulate products within then rupture
• Apocrine – accumulates products within but only apex ruptures
What are the functions of connective tissue? Know the different types of connective tissue.
• Types: Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
• Functions: Binding and support, Protecting, Insulating, storing reserve fuel, Transporting substances (blood)
Know the functions and locations within the body for the different types of tissues (eg: simple cuboidal are found in the kidney tubules and function is secretion and absorption) (epithelia)
• Simple squamous ( single layered squished): Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. Found in Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels.
• Simple Cuboidal: single layer of cubelike cells. Function: Secretion and absorption. Found in Kidney tubules.
• Simple Columnar: single layer column. Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. Found in gallbladder and uterine tubes.
• Pseudostratified Columnar: Cells vary in height, Cell nuclei at different levels, appears stratified, but is not. Function: Secretion and absorption. Found in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
• Stratified squamous: hick membrane composed of several cell layers. Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Location: esophagus, mouth, and vagina lining. Also found in epidermis of skin.
• Stratified cuboidal: Quite rare. Found in some sweat and mammary glands. Typically, two cell layers thick. Found in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. Protects areas like sweat glands and mammary glands.
• Transitional: Forms lining of hollow urinary organs. Basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar. Ability to change shape with stretch. Function: Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ. Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra
types of epithelial tissues
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
transitional
- Know the different types of loose fibrous connective tissues and dense connective tissue.
Loose Connective Tissue
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Reticular
Dense Connective Tissue
• Dense regular
• Dense irregular
• Elastic
- Know the characteristics of CT proper: location, function, and description. (areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
• Areolar: Location - Widely distributed under epithelia of body, surrounding capillaries. Function: wraps and cushions organs. Description: Gel like matrix with 3 fiber types
• Adipose: fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss. Location: Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
• Reticular: Network of reticular fibers in a typical lose ground substance. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells. Location: Lymphoid organs
• Dense Regular: Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull. Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles. Location: Tendons and most ligaments.
• Dense irregular: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers. Functions: Withstands tension
exerted in many directions. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints and dermis of the skin.
• Elastic Connective Tissue: Some ligaments very elastic. Function: Allows tissue to recoil
after stretching. Location: Walls of large arteries
types of connective tissue;
areolar
adipose
reticular
dense regular
sense irregular
elastic connective
Know the difference between a “blast” cell and a “cyte” cell.
• Blast cell: immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers. Ex: Fibroblast and Chondroblasts.
• Cyte cell: Mature form; maintain matrix. Chondrocytes in cartilage. Osteocytes in bone
Which other cells are found in connective tissue?
• Fat cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and mast cells.
What are the characteristics of cartilage?
• Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
• Tough yet flexible
• Lacks nerve fibers
• Up to 80% water - can rebound after compression
• Avascular- Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it
Know the functions of bone, blood, muscle, and nervous tissue.
• Blood Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
• Muscle Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment, facial expressions.
• Nervous Tissue function: Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors to control their activity.
Know the characteristics for the three types of muscle. Which are striated? Which are voluntary? Where are they located?
• Skeletal: striated, voluntary, attached to the skeleton.
• Smooth: non-striated, involuntary, covering walls of internal organs (stomach)
• Cardiac: striated, involuntary, In the walls of the heart
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Impairment of function
What are the 3 steps of tissue repair?
• Inflammation
• Organization restores blood supply
• Regeneration and fibrosis
Define necrosis
tissue destruction
Which tissues have a high, moderate, and low regenerative capacity?
• Regenerative extremely well: Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, blood forming tissue.
• Moderate regenerative ability: Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue
• None or low regenerative capacity: Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
Understand the three types of membranes. (cutaneous, mucous, serous)
• Cutaneous: Skin Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Dry membrane
• Mucous: Line body cavities open to the exterior, Nasal Cavity, Mouth, Esophagus
• Serous: found in closed ventral body cavity. Simple squamous. Serous fluid between layers. Moist membranes.
