Ch 1 and 2

Question 1

What are the levels of organization (atom to organism)

Answer 1

• Chemical: Atoms, molecules, organelles
• Cellular: cells
• Tissue: groups of similar cells
• Organ; contains 2 or more types of tissues
• Organ system: organs that work closely together
• Organismal: All organ systems

Question 2

What are the 5 survival needs for life?

Answer 2

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure (AAP)

Question 3

What is the most abundant compound in the body?

Answer 3

water

Question 4

Homeostasis, negative Feedback and Positive Feedback

Answer 4

• Homeostasis: Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
• Negative feedback: response that shuts off or reduces original stimulus. Ex: body temp
• Positive feedback: Response that enhances or exaggerates original stimulus. Ex: labor contractions.

Question 5

What are the 11 organ systems

Answer 5

cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, skeletal ,muscular, Integumentary, digestive, urinary, reproductive and lymphatic/ immune

Question 6

what are the organ systems functions and organs?

Answer 6

• Cardiovascular: heart and blood. Function: transport ( nutrients, blood, etc)
• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord and nerves. Function: receives stimuli and sends impulses.
• Endocrine: pancreas, ovaries/testes, thyroid, adrenal and pituitary gland. Function: produces hormones.
• Respiratory: lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx. Function: gas exchange.
• Skeletal: bones, joints tendons. Function: protection, support, structure.
• Muscular: skeletal muscles (voluntary). Function: movement: heat production and posture.
• Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands. Function: protection, body temp, sensory
• Digestive: stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Function: absorption.
• Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladd er. Function: remove waste, fluid volume, pH.
• Reproductive: Ovaries, and testes uterine tube, vagina. Function; Birthin’ babies.
• Lymphatic/ Immune: lymph nodes, vessels, spleen. Function: fights pathogens, drains fluids from tissue.

Question 7

Define the anatomical position

Answer 7

Hands to the side, standing up straight and facing forward and palms forward

Question 8

What are the 3 body planes?

Answer 8

• Transverse: cut in half: like magicians
• Sagittal: cut into right and left side of body.
• Frontal/ Coronal: cut into front and back side

Question 9

Directional terms

Answer 9

Anterior At or near the front of the body (front view)
Posterior At or near the back of the body (back view)
Midline An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)
Lateral Farther from midline (side view)
Medial Nearer to midline (side view)
Superior Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
Inferior Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
Superficial Close to the surface of the body
Deep Away from the surface of the body
Proximal Nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal Farther from the origination of a structure

Question 10

Define the body cavities (4)

Answer 10

• Dorsal: protects nervous system
• Ventral: houses internal organs and is further divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic.
• Abdominopelvic: abdominal cavity containing many digestive glands and organs. Pelvic Cavity: contains urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.
• Thoracic: surrounds chest wall and diaphragm

Question 11

Define axial and appendicular.

Answer 11

• Axial: head, neck and trunk
• Appendicular: limbs

Question 12

What are the 4 quadrants ( give an organ in each)

Answer 12

• Left-Upper Quadrant: Spleen
• Right-Upper Quadrant: Gallbladder
• Left-Lower Quadrant: bladder
• Right-Lower Quadrant: Appendix

Question 13

Mucous Membrane vs serous membrane

Answer 13

• Mucous membranes: an epithelial tissue which secretes mucus, and lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.
• Serous membrane: a mesothelial tissue which lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum. The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes.

Question 14

Differentiate between parietal and visceral layer

Answer 14

Both are layers of the serous membrane, visceral covers the organs, whereas parietal lines the walls of the body cavity.

Question 15

Define pleura, pericardial, and peritoneal

Answer 15

• Pleura: each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.
• Pericardium: the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
• Peritoneal: the tissue that lines your abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in your abdomen

Question 16

Define matter and list its 3 states

Answer 16

• Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space
• Solid: definite shape and volume
• Liquid: changeable shape; definite volume
• Gas: changeable shape and volume

Question 17

Name the four elements which comprise 96% of the body’s mass

Answer 17

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen ( CHON)

Question 18

Define the following: atom, compound, molecule, proton, electron, neutron

Answer 18

• Atom: Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element ( building blocks)
• Compound: Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together.
• Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together
• Proton: found on nucleus and carry positive charge
• Electron: orbit the nucleus and have a negative charge
• Neutron: carry no charge

Question 19

Define solvent, solute, and solution.

Answer 19

• Solvent: substance present in greatest amount
• Solute: present in smaller amounts
• Solution: a liquid mixture

Question 20

Define ionic, covalent, polar, nonpolar, and hydrogen bonds

Answer 20

• Ionic bond: complete transfer of electrons
• Polar bond: unequal sharing of electrons
• Nonpolar bond: equal sharing of electrons
• Hydrogen bonds: the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom

Question 21

Define anion, cation, and ion.

Answer 21

• Anion: a negatively charged ion
• Cation: a positively charged ion
• Ion: an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Question 22

Differentiate between synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions.

Answer 22

• Synthesis: Synthesis reactions are reactions that occur when two different atoms or molecules interact to form a different molecule or compound.
• Decomposition: occurs when one reactant breaks down into two or more products. AB -> A+B
• Exchange reaction: occurs between compounds that, when written as a molecular equation, appear to involve the exchange of parts between the two reactants. AB + CD -> AC + BD

Question 23

Which factors affect chemical reactions

Answer 23

Temp, particle size, concentration of reactant, presence of catalyst

Question 24

Define organic vs inorganic compounds

Answer 24

• organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
• organic compounds: Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. Contain carbon, usually large, and are
covalently bonded
• Inorganic compounds: Water, salts, and many acids and bases. Do not contain carbon

Question 25

Understand the importance of water and describe its properties

Answer 25

Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound
– 60%–80% volume of living cells
Polar solvent properties: Dissolves and dissociates ionic substances. Forms hydration layers around large, charged molecules, e.g., proteins (colloid formation). Body’s major transport medium

Question 26

Differentiate between acids, bases, and define buffers.

Answer 26

Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. Acid- donate H+ and base receives H+. Acid pH: 0-6.99. Base pH: 7.01-14
• Buffers: Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in pH
– Release hydrogen ions if pH rises
– Bind hydrogen ions if pH falls

Question 27

Understand the pH scale and provide examples of acidic, basic, and neutral substances.

Answer 27

• Acid: lemon, nitric acid. Base example: sodium hydroxide. Neutral: distilled water

Question 28

Main functions of carbohydrates

Answer 28

• Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches, Polymers, Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n]
Functions of carbohydrates:
– Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose)
– Structural molecules (e.g., ribose sugar in RNA)

Question 29

Main functions of lipids

Answer 29

phospholipids and steroids.
Functions: storage of energy
Helps with digestion
Lipoproteins- Transport fats in the blood

Question 30

main functions of proteins

Answer 30

– Nitrogen storage
– Can act as either acid or base
- repair body tissues

Question 31

Define the acronyms DNA, RNA, ATP

Answer 31

• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix) in the cell nucleus)
• RNA:ribonucleic acid (Pentose sugar is ribose. Single-stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus)
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate ( an energy molecule Chemical energy in glucose captured in this important molecule. Directly powers chemical reactions in cells)

Question 32

Define an enzyme and describe its function.

Answer 32

Enzyme: Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts that regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions.
• Function: help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

Question 33

Differentiate between the structure of DNA and RNA.

Answer 33

DNA: double helix and deoxyribose. RNA single helix, and ribose

Question 34

How is the energy formed from ATP?

Answer 34

• Through metabolic processes, ATP becomes hydrolyzed into ADP, or further to AMP, and free inorganic phosphate groups