Ch 1 and 2 Flashcards
What are the levels of organization (atom to organism)
• Chemical: Atoms, molecules, organelles
• Cellular: cells
• Tissue: groups of similar cells
• Organ; contains 2 or more types of tissues
• Organ system: organs that work closely together
• Organismal: All organ systems
What are the 5 survival needs for life?
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure (AAP)
What is the most abundant compound in the body?
water
Homeostasis, negative Feedback and Positive Feedback
• Homeostasis: Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
• Negative feedback: response that shuts off or reduces original stimulus. Ex: body temp
• Positive feedback: Response that enhances or exaggerates original stimulus. Ex: labor contractions.
What are the 11 organ systems
cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, skeletal ,muscular, Integumentary, digestive, urinary, reproductive and lymphatic/ immune
what are the organ systems functions and organs?
• Cardiovascular: heart and blood. Function: transport ( nutrients, blood, etc)
• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord and nerves. Function: receives stimuli and sends impulses.
• Endocrine: pancreas, ovaries/testes, thyroid, adrenal and pituitary gland. Function: produces hormones.
• Respiratory: lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx. Function: gas exchange.
• Skeletal: bones, joints tendons. Function: protection, support, structure.
• Muscular: skeletal muscles (voluntary). Function: movement: heat production and posture.
• Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands. Function: protection, body temp, sensory
• Digestive: stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Function: absorption.
• Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladd er. Function: remove waste, fluid volume, pH.
• Reproductive: Ovaries, and testes uterine tube, vagina. Function; Birthin’ babies.
• Lymphatic/ Immune: lymph nodes, vessels, spleen. Function: fights pathogens, drains fluids from tissue.
Define the anatomical position
Hands to the side, standing up straight and facing forward and palms forward
What are the 3 body planes?
• Transverse: cut in half: like magicians
• Sagittal: cut into right and left side of body.
• Frontal/ Coronal: cut into front and back side
Directional terms
Anterior At or near the front of the body (front view)
Posterior At or near the back of the body (back view)
Midline An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)
Lateral Farther from midline (side view)
Medial Nearer to midline (side view)
Superior Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
Inferior Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
Superficial Close to the surface of the body
Deep Away from the surface of the body
Proximal Nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal Farther from the origination of a structure
Define the body cavities (4)
• Dorsal: protects nervous system
• Ventral: houses internal organs and is further divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic.
• Abdominopelvic: abdominal cavity containing many digestive glands and organs. Pelvic Cavity: contains urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.
• Thoracic: surrounds chest wall and diaphragm
Define axial and appendicular.
• Axial: head, neck and trunk
• Appendicular: limbs
What are the 4 quadrants ( give an organ in each)
• Left-Upper Quadrant: Spleen
• Right-Upper Quadrant: Gallbladder
• Left-Lower Quadrant: bladder
• Right-Lower Quadrant: Appendix
Mucous Membrane vs serous membrane
• Mucous membranes: an epithelial tissue which secretes mucus, and lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.
• Serous membrane: a mesothelial tissue which lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum. The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes.
Differentiate between parietal and visceral layer
Both are layers of the serous membrane, visceral covers the organs, whereas parietal lines the walls of the body cavity.
Define pleura, pericardial, and peritoneal
• Pleura: each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.
• Pericardium: the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
• Peritoneal: the tissue that lines your abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in your abdomen
Define matter and list its 3 states
• Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space
• Solid: definite shape and volume
• Liquid: changeable shape; definite volume
• Gas: changeable shape and volume
Name the four elements which comprise 96% of the body’s mass
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen ( CHON)
Define the following: atom, compound, molecule, proton, electron, neutron
• Atom: Smallest particles of an element with properties of that element ( building blocks)
• Compound: Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together.
• Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together
• Proton: found on nucleus and carry positive charge
• Electron: orbit the nucleus and have a negative charge
• Neutron: carry no charge
Define solvent, solute, and solution.
• Solvent: substance present in greatest amount
• Solute: present in smaller amounts
• Solution: a liquid mixture
Define ionic, covalent, polar, nonpolar, and hydrogen bonds
• Ionic bond: complete transfer of electrons
• Polar bond: unequal sharing of electrons
• Nonpolar bond: equal sharing of electrons
• Hydrogen bonds: the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom
Define anion, cation, and ion.
• Anion: a negatively charged ion
• Cation: a positively charged ion
• Ion: an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Differentiate between synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions.
• Synthesis: Synthesis reactions are reactions that occur when two different atoms or molecules interact to form a different molecule or compound.
• Decomposition: occurs when one reactant breaks down into two or more products. AB -> A+B
• Exchange reaction: occurs between compounds that, when written as a molecular equation, appear to involve the exchange of parts between the two reactants. AB + CD -> AC + BD
Which factors affect chemical reactions
Temp, particle size, concentration of reactant, presence of catalyst
Define organic vs inorganic compounds
• organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
• organic compounds: Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. Contain carbon, usually large, and are
covalently bonded
• Inorganic compounds: Water, salts, and many acids and bases. Do not contain carbon
Understand the importance of water and describe its properties
Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound
– 60%–80% volume of living cells
Polar solvent properties: Dissolves and dissociates ionic substances. Forms hydration layers around large, charged molecules, e.g., proteins (colloid formation). Body’s major transport medium
Differentiate between acids, bases, and define buffers.
Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. Acid- donate H+ and base receives H+. Acid pH: 0-6.99. Base pH: 7.01-14
• Buffers: Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in pH
– Release hydrogen ions if pH rises
– Bind hydrogen ions if pH falls
Understand the pH scale and provide examples of acidic, basic, and neutral substances.
• Acid: lemon, nitric acid. Base example: sodium hydroxide. Neutral: distilled water
Main functions of carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches, Polymers, Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n]
Functions of carbohydrates:
– Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose)
– Structural molecules (e.g., ribose sugar in RNA)
Main functions of lipids
phospholipids and steroids.
Functions: storage of energy
Helps with digestion
Lipoproteins- Transport fats in the blood
main functions of proteins
– Nitrogen storage
– Can act as either acid or base
- repair body tissues
Define the acronyms DNA, RNA, ATP
• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix) in the cell nucleus)
• RNA:ribonucleic acid (Pentose sugar is ribose. Single-stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus)
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate ( an energy molecule Chemical energy in glucose captured in this important molecule. Directly powers chemical reactions in cells)
Define an enzyme and describe its function.
Enzyme: Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts that regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions.
• Function: help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
Differentiate between the structure of DNA and RNA.
DNA: double helix and deoxyribose. RNA single helix, and ribose
How is the energy formed from ATP?
• Through metabolic processes, ATP becomes hydrolyzed into ADP, or further to AMP, and free inorganic phosphate groups
