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exam 2 science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central nervous system

A

the central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. it controls the activities of the body

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system

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3
Q

structure and function of parts of a neuron

A

cell body - contains all major organelles, dendrites extend from the cell body. dendrites - contains receptors which enable it to receive messages from other cells. axon - eletrical impulse moves through axons before reaching axon terminals.

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4
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry impulse generated by stimulus to central nervous system

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5
Q

interneurons

A

carries the impulse through central nervous system and between sensory and motor neurons

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6
Q

motor neurons

A

take the impulses to ‘effector’ (eg, muscles, glands)

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7
Q

transmission of a nerve impulse

A

at the end of each axon are axon terminals. when the pulse reaches here, chemicals called neurotransmitters are released in vesicles. the neurotransmitters bind to the end of the next dendrite. this continues until the message reaches an effector

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8
Q

neural pathways

A

connection formed by axons that project from neurons to make synapses into neurons in another location, to enable a signal to be sent from one region of the nervous system to another

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9
Q

neurotransmitters

A

they are chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminals. a neuron fires/sends a message by releasing neurotransmitters.

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10
Q

forebrain structure and functions

A

thalamus: relays sensory information from body to the cerebral cortex.
cerebrum: controls volentary movement, speech, intelligence, emotion, memory, sensory information

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11
Q

midbrain structure and functions

A

serves important functions for muscle movements, particuarlly movementsn of the eye, auditory and visual processing
reticular activation system: attention, sleep, arousal

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12
Q

hindbrain structure and functions

A

controls functions essential to survival eg, respiritory, sleep, wakefulness.
cerebellum controls voluntary movements eg, posture, balance, speech, coordination

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13
Q

left hemisphere

A

control right side of body. speech, language, comprehension, analysis and calculations, time and sequencing. recognition of words, letters and numbers

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14
Q

right hemisphere

A

control left side of body. creativity, spacial ability, context/perception, recognition of faces/ places/ objects.

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15
Q

cerebral cortex

A

responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. its highly folded to increase surface area.

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16
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • visual cortex
  • allows one to see/process visual stimuli
  • allows one to assign meaning and remember visual perceptions
  • smallest lobe
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17
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • receives auditory information from both ears and registers it.
  • wenickes area left temporal lobe. responsible for accessing words in stored memory, comprehension of speech and forming meaningful sentenses
  • wernickes aphasia: difficulty understanding speech, unintelligable speech, aware of their disability
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18
Q

pareital lobe

A
  • mostly associated with processing bodily sensations-

- somatosensory cortex locqated at front of pareital lobe. processes sensations or external stimuli.

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19
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • controls important cognitive functions
  • primary motor functions
  • contains brocas area which produces language.
  • brocas aphasia: understands language, hard to find words, aware of their problems.
  • basically movement and thinking
  • has primary motor cortex
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20
Q

corpus collosum

A

thick band of nerve fibres that connects the left and right hemisphere. transfers information registered in one to another to be processed

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21
Q

psychology

A

the study of the human mind and its functions, especially of those affecting behaviour in a specific cortex.

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22
Q

overt behaviour

A

any bodily behaviours that can be directly observed

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23
Q

covert behaviour

A

behaviours that cannot be directly expressed

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24
Q

cognition

A

the mentral action or process of aquiring knowledge or understanding through thought, experiences or senses

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25
Q

emotion

A

a string feeling deriving from circumstances, mood or relationship with others

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26
Q

intelligence

A

ability to learn from experience, to think rationally and to deal with the environment effectively

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27
Q

global warming

A

the observed rise in temperature of the earth

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28
Q

greenhouse gasses

A

gasses found in the atmosphere that contibute to the greenhouse effect, trapping the suns heat (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour)

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29
Q

causes of global warming

A

increased usage of fossil fuels since industrial revolution, grazing animals produce greenhouse gasses.

30
Q

effects of global warming

A

acidity of ocean, melting ice, sea levels rise, more extreme weather events, hotter days

31
Q

solutions for global warming

A

alternative energy sources, electric cars, stopping deforestation, reducing water waste

32
Q

dna

A

all our traits and features are passed on from genetic codes. this code is written in our dna which is in the nucleus

33
Q

genes

A

each genetic instruction that codes fpr a trait is a gene. they are made up of dna

34
Q

chromosomes

A

genes are organised into larger structures that are chromosomes that are located in the nucleus

35
Q

difference between somatic and sex cells

A

sex cxells are ova and sperm. they each contain 23 chromosomes so when a zygote is formed it will have 46 chromosomes. somatic cdells are body cells and is all the cells apart from the sex cells and red blood cells.

36
Q

types of chromosomes

A

there are autosomes and sex chromosomes. out of 46, 44 are autosomes while 2 of them are sex chromosomes. the sex chromosomes determines the sex of a person, and the autosomes determine the traits of a person. all of the chromosomes are matched up into homologous pairs

37
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

homologous chromosomes are in a matching pqair, if they sont match they are non-homologous

38
Q

kareotypes

A

a kareotype is a chart made with cells about to divide that are treated and stained so we can distinguish chromosome pairs from eachother.

39
Q

fertilisation

A

penetration of an ova by a sperm. it is when 2 haploid gametes come together to for a diploid zygote.

40
Q

newtons first law

A

law of inertia: an object will remain at rest or at constant motion, unless acted on by another force

41
Q

newtons second law

A

when an unbalanced force acts on a body it produces an acceleration in the direction of the force. the acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
eg,

42
Q

upward push

A

on a horizontal surface the force is equal to the weight. if the weight and the upward push were not balanced, the object would accelerate downwards through the horizontal surface or upwards in the air.

43
Q

thrust

A

forward push

44
Q

weight

A

a measure of the size of the gravity force pulling an object towards the centre of a massive body, such as the earth. the weight of an object depends on its mass

45
Q

resistant forces

A

force that an effort force must overcome in order to work on an object

46
Q

inertia

A

the property in objects which makes them resist changes in their motion.

47
Q

where is the earth in the universe

A

people used to think that the earth was the centre of the universe. they then accepted that the sun was the centre of the solar system which we circle and is a tiny aspect of the universe.

48
Q

constellations

A

ancient astronomers grouped stars by shapes they seemed to form. they were usually of gods, heroes or animals.

49
Q

ptolemy

A

a greek astronomer that thought that the stars were attached to a celestial sphere that rotated above the earth. he thought that the sun, moon and planets orbited the earth.

50
Q

edmond halley

A

has a comet named after him. he used his telescope to look at 3 really bright stars. they were sirius, procyon and arcturus. he found that stars did not stay in the same spot.

51
Q

galaxy

A

very large groups of stars and dust held together by gravity

52
Q

stars

A

A huge ball of gas held together by gravity. The central core of a star is extremely hot and produces energy. Some of this energy is released as visible light, which makes the star glow.

53
Q

nebulae

A

clouds of dust and gas that may be pulled together by gravity and heat up to form a star

54
Q

planet

A

large object that orbits a star. Planets do not produce their own light.

55
Q

parallax error

A

The apparent movement of objects at different distances is due to the actual movement of the observer.
As the Earth orbits the sun, the positions of stars change very slightly relative to each other. If all the stars were the same distance from the Earth, this would not happen.

56
Q

what is a lightyear

A

It is a measure of distance. In one year, light travels a distance of 9 500 000 000 000 or 9.5 × 10^12 kilometres. This distance is called a light-year.

57
Q

birth of a star

A

Stars are born when pockets of gas and dust within interstellar molecular clouds exceed critical density and collapse under their own gravity. Once the pressure and the temperature inside get high enough for nuclear fusion to ignite, it creates a star. The rate at which stars form depends mainly on the number and density of these clumps within stellar nurseries.

58
Q

nuclear fusion

A

joining together of the nuclei of lighter elements to form another element, with the release of energy

59
Q

apparent and absolute magnitude

A

apparent magnitude: brightness of a star as seen from Earth (how bright it seems to us)
absolute magnitude: actual brightness of a star

60
Q

death of a star

A

Eventually, the rapid pulsations lead to the destruction of the star. The nature of its death depends on the size of the star.

61
Q

first part of the big bang

A
  1. no space and no time. All that existed was energy, in a single point called singularity.
62
Q

einsteins theory of the universe

A

The big bang theory would not make any sense at all if it were not for Albert Einstein’s famous equation. How could matter be created from nothing? Well, the singularity before the big bang was not ‘nothing’. It was a huge amount of energy (with no mass) concentrated into a tiny, tiny point

63
Q

steady state theory

A

a theory which states that there was no beginning to the universe and that the universe does not change in appearance

64
Q

big bang 2

A
  1. Time and space had begun. Space was expanding quickly and the temperature was about 100 million trillion trillion degrees Celsius.
65
Q

big bang 3

A
  1. The universe had expanded to about the size of a pea. Matter in the form of tiny particles such as electrons and positrons had formed. Particles collided with each other, releasing huge amounts of energy in the first form of light.
66
Q

big bang 4

A
  1. Protons and neutrons had formed as a result of collisions between smaller particles. The universe was very bright because light was trapped as it was continually being reflected by particles.
67
Q

big bang 5

A
  1. The universe was still expanding and cooling rapidly. It had grown to the same size as our solar system, but there was still no such thing as an atom.
68
Q

big bang 6

A
  1. The universe was probably more than a trillion trillion kilometres across. It had cooled to about ten billion degrees Celsius.
69
Q

big bang 7

A
  1. The nuclei of hydrogen, helium and lithium had formed among a sea of electrons
70
Q

big bang 8

A

The universe was about one thousandth of its current size. It had cooled to about 3000 °C. Electrons had slowed down enough to be captured by the nuclei of hydrogen, helium and lithium, forming the first atoms. There was now enough empty space in the universe to allow light to escape to the outer edges. For the first time, the universe was dark.

71
Q

big bang 9

A

The first stars had appeared as gravity pulled atoms of hydrogen, helium and lithium together. Nuclear reactions took place inside the stars, causing the nuclei of the atoms to fuse together to form heavier nuclei. Around some of the newly forming stars, swirling clouds of matter cooled and formed clumps. This is how planets began to form.

72
Q

big bang 10

A

The universe was beginning to become a little ‘lumpy’. The force of gravity pulled matter towards the ‘lumpier’ regions, causing the first galaxies to form.

science exam (3 decks)

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