Exam 2 Review Questions version 2 Flashcards
The nurse is caring for a patient who was admitted to the telemetry unit with a diagnosis of rule/out acute MI. The patient’s chest pain began 3 hours ago. Which of the following laboratory tests would be most helpful in confirming the diagnosis of a current MI?
a) Creatinine kinase-myoglobin (CK-MB) level
b) CK-MM
c) Troponin C level
d) Myoglobin level
a) Creatinine kinase-myoglobin (CK-MB) level
Explanation:
Elevated CK-MB assessment by mass assay is an indicator of acute MI; the levels begin to increase within a few hours and peak within 24 hours of an MI. If the area is reperfused (due to thrombotic therapy or PCI), it peaks earlier. CK-MM (skeletal muscle) is not an indicator of cardiac muscle damage. There are three isomers of troponin: C, I, and T. Troponin I and T are specific for cardiac muscle, and these biomarkers are currently recognized as reliable and critical markers of myocardial injury. An increase in myoglobin is not very specific in indicating an acute cardiac event; however, negative results are an excellent parameter for ruling out an acute MI.
Which of the following nursing interventions should a nurse perform to reduce cardiac workload in a patient diagnosed with myocarditis?
a) Maintain the patient on bed rest.
b) Elevate the patient’s head.
c) Administer supplemental oxygen.
d) Administer a prescribed antipyretic.
a) Maintain the patient on bed rest.
Explanation:
The nurse should maintain the patient on bed rest to reduce cardiac workload and promote healing. Bed rest also helps decrease myocardial damage and the complications of myocarditis. The nurse should administer supplemental oxygen to relieve tachycardia that may develop from hypoxemia. If the patient has a fever, the nurse should administer a prescribed antipyretic along with independent nursing measures such as minimizing layers of bed linen, promoting air circulation and evaporation of perspiration, and offering oral fluids. The nurse should elevate the patient’s head to promote maximal breathing potential.
A nurse is caring for a patient who experienced an MI. The patient is ordered metoprolol (Lopressor). The nurse understands that the therapeutic effect of this medication is which of the following?
a) Decreases cholesterol level
b) Decreases platelet aggregation
c) Increases cardiac output
d) Decreases resting heart rate
d) Decreases resting heart rate
Explanation:
The therapeutic effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents such as metoprolol are to reduce the myocardial oxygen consumption by blocking beta-adrenergic sympathetic stimulation to the heart. The result is reduced heart rate, slowed conduction of impulses through the conduction system, decreased blood pressure, and reduced myocardial contractility to balance the myocardial oxygen needs and amount of oxygen available. This helps to control chest pain and delays the onset of ischemia during work or exercise. This classification of medication also reduces the incidence of recurrent angina, infarction, and cardiac mortality. Generally the dosage of medication is titrated to achieve a resting heart rate of 50–60 bpm. Metoprolol is not administered to decrease cholesterol levels, increase cardiac output, or decrease platelet aggregation.
A thoracentesis is performed to obtain a sample of pleural fluid or a biopsy specimen from the pleural wall for diagnostic purposes. What does bloody fluid indicate?
a) Emphysema
b) Trauma
c) Malignancy
d) Infection
c) Malignancy
Explanation:
A thoracentesis may be performed to obtain a sample of pleural fluid or to biopsy a specimen from the pleural wall for diagnostic purposes. The fluid, which may be clear, serous, bloody, or purulent, provides clues to the pathology. Bloody fluid may indicate malignancy, whereas purulent fluid usually indicates an infection. Pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, and pyogenic infection are complications of a thoracentesis. Pulmonary edema or cardiac distress can occur after a sudden shift in mediastinal contents when large amounts of fluid are aspirated.
Which type of oxygen therapy includes the administration of oxygen at pressure greater than 1 atmosphere?
a) Transtracheal
b) Low-flow systems
c) High-flow systems
d) Hyperbaric
d) Hyperbaric
Explanation:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere. As a result, the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma is increased, which increases oxygen levels in the tissues. Low-flow systems contribute partially to the inspired gas the patient breathes, which means that the patient breathes some room air along with the oxygen. High-flow systems are indicated for patients who require a constant and precise amount of oxygen. During transtracheal oxygenation, patients achieve adequate oxygenation at lower rates, making this method less expensive and more efficient.
In general, chest drainage tubes are not indicated for a patient undergoing which of the following procedures?
a) Wedge resection
b) Segmentectomy
c) Lobectomy
d) Pneumonectomy
d) Pneumonectomy
Explanation:
Usually, no drains are used for the patient having a pneumonectomy because the accumulation of fluid in the empty hemothorax prevents mediastinal shift. With lobectomy, two chest tubes are usually inserted for drainage, the upper tube for air and the lower tube for fluid. With wedge resection, the pleural cavity usually is drained because of the possibility of an air or blood leak. With segmentectomy, drains are usually used because of the possibility of an air or blood leak.
A patient is scheduled to have a cholecystectomy. Which of the nurse’s finding is least likely to contribute to surgical complications?
a) Pregnancy
b) Osteoporosis
c) Urinary tract infection
d) Diabetes
b) Osteoporosis
Explanation:
Osteoporosis is most likely not going to contribute to complications related to a cholecystectomy. Pregnancy decreases maternal reserves. Diabetes increases wound-healing problems and risks for infection. Urinary tract infection decreases the immune system, increasing the chance for infections.
The nurse is educating a patient scheduled for elective surgery. The patient currently takes aspirin daily. What education should the nurse provide in regard to the medication?
a) Continue to take the aspirin as ordered.
b) Stop taking the aspirin 7 days before the surgery, unless otherwise directed by your physician.
c) Take half doses of the aspirin until 1 week after surgery.
d) Aspirin should be increased until 3 days before surgery, and then it should be discontinued until 3 days after surgery.
b) Stop taking the aspirin 7 days before the surgery, unless otherwise directed by your physician.
Explanation:
Aspirin should be stopped at least 7 to 10 days before surgery. The other directions provided are incorrect
Which statement about an institutional ethics
committee is correct?
1. The ethics committee would be the first option
in addressing an ethical dilemma.
2. The ethics committee replaces decision making
by the patient and health care providers.
3. The ethics committee relieves health care
professionals from dealing with ethical issues.
4. The ethics committee provides education, policy
recommendations, and case consultation
- The ethics committee provides education, policy recommendations, and case consultation
The ethics committee is an additional resource
for patients and health care professionals.
The client at greatest risk for postoperative wound infection is:
- A 3-month-old infant postoperative from pyloric stenosis repair
- A 78-year-old postoperative from inguinal hernia repair
- An 18-year-old drug user postoperative from removal of a bullet in the leg
- A 32-year-old diabetic postoperative from an appendectomy
- An 18-year-old drug user postoperative from removal of a bullet in the leg; All are at risk for infection. Answer 3 is at greatest risk, because the bullet is unclean, and a drug user is at great risk for immune deficiency.
The nurse is providing discharge instructions to a patient following nasal surgery who has nasal packing. Which of the following discharge instructions would be most appropriate for the patient?
a) Administer normal saline nasal drops as ordered.
b) Decrease the amount of daily fluids.
c) Decrease the amount of daily fluids.
d) Avoid sports activities for 6 weeks.
d) Avoid sports activities for 6 weeks.
Explanation:
The nurse instructs the patient to avoid sports activities for 6 weeks. There is no indication for the patient to refrain from taking oral fluids. Mouth rinses help to moisten the mucous membranes and to reduce the odor and taste of dried blood in the oropharynx and nasopharynx. The patient should take analgesic agents, such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs, (i.e., ibuprofen or naproxen) to decrease nasal discomfort, not aspirin. The patient does not need to use nasal drops when nasal packing is in place.
The nurse is caring for a patient in the ICU diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). Which of the following assessment data indicates the patient is experiencing a decrease in cardiac output?
a) Disorientation, 20 mL of urine over the last 2 hours
b) BP 108/60 mm Hg, ascites, and crackles
c) Elevated jugular venous distention (JVD) and postural changes in BP
d) Reduced pulse pressure and heart murmur
a) Disorientation, 20 mL of urine over the last 2 hours
Explanation:
Assessment findings associated with reduced cardiac output include reduced pulse pressure, hypotension, tachycardia, reduced urine output, lethargy, or disorientation.
The nurse is caring for a patient in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) with the following vital signs, pulse 115, respiration 20, temperature 97.2°F oral, blood pressure 84/50. What should the nurse do first?
a) Review the patient’s preoperative vital signs.
b) Increase rate of IV fluids.
c) Assess for bleeding.
d) Notify the physician.
c) Assess for bleeding.
Explanation:
The patient is tachycardic with a low blood pressure; thus assessing for hemorrhage is the priority action. While the physician may need to be notified, the nurse needs to be able to communicate a complete picture of the patient, which would include bleeding, when calling the physician. The rate of IV fluid administration should be adjusted according to a physician order. The nurse should review prior vital signs but only after the immediate threat of hemorrhage is assessed.
A patient comes to the clinic with complaints of fever, chills, and sore throat and is diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis. A nurse knows that early diagnosis and effective treatment is essential to avoid which of the following preventable diseases?
a) Pericarditis
b) Mitral stenosis
c) Rheumatic fever
d) Cardiomyopathy
c) Rheumatic fever
Explanation:
Rheumatic fever is a preventable disease. Diagnosing and effectively treating streptococcal pharyngitis can prevent rheumatic fever and, therefore, rheumatic heart disease.
Which type of cell is believed to play a significant role in cutaneous immune system reactions?
a) Phagocytes
b) Langerhans cells
c) Melanocytes
d) Merkel cells
b) Langerhans cells
Explanation:
Langerhans cells, which are common to the epidermis, are accessory cells of the afferent immune system process. Merkel cells are the receptor cells in the epidermis that transmit stimuli to the axon via a chemical response. Melanocytes are special cells of the epidermis that are primarily involved in producing melanin, which colors the hair and skin. Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign materials.
The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes who is scheduled for a cardiac catheterization. Prior to the procedure, it is most important for the nurse to ask which of the following questions?
a) “When was the last time you ate or drank?”
b) “Are you having chest pain?”
c) “What was your morning blood sugar reading?”
d) “Are you allergic to shellfish?”
d) “Are you allergic to shellfish?”
Explanation:
Radiopaque contrast agents are used to visualize the coronary arteries. Some contrast agents contain iodine, and the patient is assessed before the procedure for previous reactions to contrast agents or allergies to iodine-containing substances (e.g., seafood). If the patient has a suspected or known allergy to the substance, antihistamines or methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) may be administered before the procedure. Although the other questions are important to ask the patient, it is most important to ascertain if the patient has an allergy to shellfish.
Which of the following statements are true when the nurse is measuring blood pressure (BP)? Select all that apply.
a) Ask the patient to sit quietly while the BP is being measured.
b) The patient’s arm should be positioned at the level of the heart.
c) Using a BP cuff that is too small will give a higher BP measurement.
d) The patient’s BP should be taken 1 hour after the consumption of alcohol.
e) Using a BP cuff that is too large will give a higher BP measurement.
a) Ask the patient to sit quietly while the BP is being measured., b) The patient’s arm should be positioned at the level of the heart., c) Using a BP cuff that is too small will give a higher BP measurement.
Explanation:
These statements are all true when measuring a BP. When using a BP cuff that is too large the reading will be lower than the actual BP. The patient should avoid smoking cigarettes or drinking caffeine for 30 minutes before BP is measured.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with possible acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion. The nurse knows to prepare the patient for which diagnostic test used to confirm the patient’s diagnosis?
a) CT scan
b) Chest x-ray
c) Cardiac cauterization
d) Echocardiogram
d) Echocardiogram
Explanation:
Echocardiograms are useful in detecting the presence of the pericardial effusions associated with pericarditis. An echocardiogram may detect inflammation, pericardial effusion, tamponade, and heart failure. It may help confirm the diagnosis.
The nurse is changing the dressing of a chronic wound. There is no sign of infection or heavy drainage. How long will the nurse leave the wound covered for?
- 6-12 hr
- 12-24 hr
- 24-36 hr
- 48-72 hr48
48-72 hr
An appropriate nursing diagnosis for a client with large areas of skin excoriation resulting from scratching an allergic rash is:
- Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
- Impaired Skin Integrity
- Impaired Tissue Integrity
- Risk for Infection
- Impaired Skin Integrity; The client has an actual impairment of the skin due to the rash and the scratching so is no longer “at risk”.
Because the damage is at the skin level, it is not impaired tissue integrity (option 3) since that would involve deeper tissues. Surface excoriation is also not prone to becoming infected.
Which of the following is a factor that causes wrinkles among older adults?
a) Decrease in sebum
b) Loss of the subcutaneous tissue
c) Decrease in the production of estrogen
d) Decrease in melanin
b) Loss of the subcutaneous tissue
Explanation:
The loss of the subcutaneous tissue causes wrinkles in older adults. The decrease in melanin results in a change of hair color to gray. The decrease in the production of estrogen and sebum do not cause wrinkles in older adults.
A patient with a history of alcoholism and scheduled for an urgent surgery asks the nurse, “Why is everyone so concerned about how much I drink?” What is the best response by the nurse?
a) “The amount of alcohol you drink will determine the amount of pain medication you will need postoperatively.”
b) “We can have counselors available after surgery; if it is determined you need help for your drinking.”
c) “It is a required screening question for all patients having surgery.”
d) “It is important for us to know how much and how often you drink to help prevent surgical complications.”
d) “It is important for us to know how much and how often you drink to help prevent surgical complications.”
Explanation:
Alcohol use and alcoholism can contribute to serious postoperative complications. If the medical and nursing staff is aware of the use or abuse, measures can be implemented proactively to prevent complications. Although alcohol may interfere with a medication’s effectiveness, it does not determine the amount of pain medications that are prescribed following surgery. Even though this is a required screening question and counselors can be made available for those who want help, those are not the best responses to answer the patient’s question.
The nurse is having difficulty seeing a patient’s rash. To facilitate the assessment, the nurse should do which of the following? Select all that apply.
a) Stretch the skin gently.
b) Apply an emollient.
c) Pull the skin in a downward position.
d) To facilitate assessment of the rash, the nurse should stretch the skin gently and/or point a penlight laterally across the skin. The skin should never be pulled; applying an emollient will increase the nurse’s difficulty in assessing the rash.
e) Point a penlight laterally across the affected part.
a) Stretch the skin gently., e) Point a penlight laterally across the affected part.
Explanation:
To facilitate assessment of the rash, the nurse should stretch the skin gently and/or point a penlight laterally across the skin. The skin should never be pulled; applying an emollient will increase the nurse’s difficulty in assessing the rash.
For both outpatients and inpatients scheduled for diagnostic procedures of the cardiovascular system, the nurse performs a thorough initial assessment to establish accurate baseline data. Which of the following data is necessary to collect if the patient is experiencing chest pain?
a) Blood pressure in the left arm
b) Description of the pain
c) Sound of the apical pulses
d) Pulse rate in upper extremities
b) Description of the pain
Explanation:
If the patient is experiencing chest pain, a history of its location, frequency, and duration is necessary, as is a description of the pain, if it radiates to a particular area, what precipitates its onset, and what brings relief. The nurse weighs the patient and measures vital signs. The nurse may measure BP in both arms and compare findings. The nurse assesses apical and radial pulses, noting rate, quality, and rhythm. The nurse also checks peripheral pulses in the lower extremities.
A patient complaining of heart palpitations is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation caused by mitral valve prolapse. In order to relieve the symptoms, the nurse should teach the patient which of the following dietary interventions?
a) Eliminate caffeine and alcohol
b) Decrease the amount of sodium and saturated fat.
c) Decrease the amount of acidic beverages and fruits.
d) A patient complaining of heart palpitations is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation caused by mitral valve prolapse. In order to relieve the symptoms, the nurse should teach the patient which of the following dietary interventions?
a) Eliminate caffeine and alcohol
Explanation:
To minimize symptoms of mitral valve prolapse, the nurse should instruct the patient to avoid caffeine and alcohol. The nurse encourages the patient to read product labels, particularly on over-the-counter products such as cough medicine, because these products may contain alcohol, caffeine, ephedrine, and epinephrine, which may produce dysrhythmias and other symptoms. The nurse also explores possible diet, activity, sleep, and other lifestyle factors that may correlate with symptoms.
The nurse is caring for a patient with clubbing of the fingers and toes. The nurse should complete which of the following actions given these findings?
a) Assess the patient’s capillary refill.
b) Obtain an oxygen saturation level.
c) Assess the patient for pitting edema.
d) Obtain a 12-lead ECG tracing
b) Obtain an oxygen saturation level.
Explanation:
Clubbing of the fingers and toes indicates chronic hemoglobin desaturation (decreased oxygen supply) and is associated with congenital heart disease. The nurse should assess the patient’s O2 saturation level and intervene as directed. The other assessments are not indicated.
The nurse is educating the pt in the use of a mini-nebulizer. What should the nurse encourage the student to do? (Select all that apply)
- Hold the breath at the end of inspiration for a few seconds
- Cough frequently
- Take rapid, deep breaths
- Frequently evaluate progress
- Prolong the expiratory phase after using nebulizer
Hold the breath at the end of the inspiration for a few seconds,
Cough frequently
Frequently evaluate progress
The nurse is instructing unlicensed personnel on gerontologic considerations of the skin. The nurse finds that the participants understand the instructions when they know that the elderly are at a higher risk for shear injuries due to which of the following?
a) Loss of subcutaneous tissue
b) Sun damage over time
c) Decreased capillary loops
d) Loss of rete ridges
d) Loss of rete ridges
Explanation:
Elderly patients are at a higher risk for shear injuries due to loss of rete ridges from thinning at the junction of the dermis and epidermis. The loss of rete ridges (anchoring sites between the two skin layers) enables even minor injury/stress to the epidermis to cause it shear away from the dermis. The other answers do not apply.
A patient has been administered ketamine (Ketalar) for moderate sedation. What is the priority nursing intervention?
a) Frequent monitoring of vital signs
b) Administering oxygen
c) Providing a quiet dark room
d) Assessing for hallucinations
a) Frequent monitoring of vital signs
Explanation:
Vital signs must be monitored frequently to assess for respiratory depression and intervene quickly. Oxygen may need to be administered if respiratory depression occurs; therefore, monitoring vital signs is a higher priority nursing intervention. Providing a dark quiet room is appropriate after the procedure is completed and the patient is recovering. Hallucinations may be experienced as a side effect of the medication.
Which of the following is a physiological effect of
prolonged bed rest?
1. An increase in cardiac output
2. A decrease in lean body mass
3. A decrease in lung expansion
4. A decrease in urinary excretion of nitrogen
Immobility causing decreased lung elastic
recoiling and secretions accumulating in portions of
the lungs
A patient is admitted with aortic regurgitation. Which of the following medication classifications are contraindicated since they can cause bradycardia and decrease ventricular contractility?
a) Beta blockers
b) Nitrates
c) Ace inhibitors
d) Calcium channel blockers
d) Calcium channel blockers
Explanation:
The calcium channel blockers diltiazem (Cardizem) and verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) are contraindicated for patients with aortic regurgitation as they decrease ventricular contractility and may cause bradycardia.
The nurse working in the ED is evaluating a patient for signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Which of the patient’s signs/symptoms should the nurse include in the report to the physician on the patient’s signs/symptoms of appendicitis?
a) Pain when pressure is applied to the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
b) High fever
c) Nausea
d) Left lower quadrant pain
c) Nausea
Explanation:
Nausea is typically associated with appendicitis with or without vomiting. Pain is generally felt in the right lower quadrant. Rebound tenderness, or pain felt with release of pressure applied to the abdomen, may be present with appendicitis. Low-grade fever is associated with appendicitis.
A 76-year-old man presents to the ED complaining of “laryngitis.” The triage nurse should ask if the patient has a past medical history that includes which of the following?
a) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
b) Respiratory failure (RF)
c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
d) Congestive heart failure (CHF)
a) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Explanation:
The nurse should ask if the patient has a past medical history of GERD. Laryngitis in the older adults is common and may be secondary to GERD. Older adults are more likely to have impaired esophageal peristalsis and a weaker esophageal sphincter. COPD, CHF, and RF are not associated with laryngitis in the older adult.
An 18-year-old woman is in the emergency department with fever and cough. The nurse obtains her vital signs, auscultates her lung sounds, listens to her heart sounds, determines her level of comfort, and collects blood and sputum samples for analysis. Which standard of practice is performed?
A. Diagnosis
B. Evaluation
C. Assessment
D. Implementation
C. Assessment
Assessment is the collection of comprehensive data pertinent to the patient’s health and/or the situation.
The factor that best advanced the practice of
nursing in the twenty-first century was:
1. Growth of cities
2. Teachings of Christianity
3. Better education of nurses
4. Improved conditions for women
- Better education of nurses
Nursing is a combination of knowledge from the
physical sciences, humanities, and social sciences
along with clinical competencies
A nurse is preparing to assess a patient for postural BP changes. Which of the following indicates the need for further education?
a) Obtaining the supine measurements prior to the sitting and standing measurements
b) Positioning the patient supine for 10 minutes prior to taking the initial BP and HR
c) Letting 30 seconds elapse after each position change before measuring BP and heart rate (HR)
d) Taking the patient’s BP with the patient sitting on the edge of the bed with feet dangling
c) Letting 30 seconds elapse after each position change before measuring BP and heart rate (HR)
Explanation:
The following steps are recommended when assessing patients for postural hypotension: Position the patient supine for 10 minutes before taking the initial BP and HR measurements; reposition the patient to a sitting position with legs in the dependent position, wait 2 minutes then reassess both BP and HR measurements; if the patient is symptom free or has no significant decreases in systolic or diastolic BP, assist the patient into a standing position, obtain measurements immediately and recheck in 2 minutes; continue measurements every 2 minutes for a total of 10 minutes to rule out postural hypotension. Return the patient to supine position if postural hypotension is detected or if the patient becomes symptomatic. Document HR and BP measured in each position (e.g., supine, sitting, and standing) and any signs or symptoms that accompany the postural changes.
When measuring the blood pressure in each of the patient’s arms, the nurse recognizes that in the healthy adult, which of the following is true?
a) Pressures may vary 10 mm Hg or more between arms.
b) Pressures may vary, with the higher pressure found in the left arm.
c) Pressures must be equal in both arms.
d) Pressures should not differ more than 5 mm Hg between arms.
d) Pressures should not differ more than 5 mm Hg between arms.
Explanation:
Normally, in the absence of disease of the vasculature, there is a difference of no more than 5 mm Hg between arm pressures. The pressures in each arm do not have to be equal in order to be considered normal. Pressures that vary more than 10 mm Hg between arms indicate an abnormal finding. The left arm pressure is not anticipated to be higher than the right as a normal anatomic variant.
Following a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a patient is returned to the nursing unit with large peripheral vascular access sheaths in place. The nurse understands that which of the following methods to induce hemostasis after sheath is contraindicated?
a) Application of a sandbag to the area
b) Direct manual pressure
c) Application of a vascular closure device
d) Application of a mechanical compression device
a) Application of a sandbag to the area
Explanation:
Applying a sandbag to the sheath insertion site is ineffective in reducing the incidence of bleeding and is not an acceptable standard of care. Application of a vascular closure device (Angioseal, VasoSeal), direct manual pressure to the sheath introduction site, and application of a mechanical compression device (C-shaped clamp) are all appropriate methods used to induce hemostasis following peripheral sheath removal.
A pt is visiing the physician to determine what type of allergy is causing a rash. What type of testing does the nurse anticipate the physician will schedule?
- Skin biopsy
- Skin scrapings
- Tzanck smear
- Patch test
Patch test
A patient with an abdominal surgical wound sneezes and states, “Something doesn’t feel right with my wound.” The nurse asses the upper half of the surgical wounds edges are no longer approximated and the lower half remains well approximated. What documentation by the nurse is most appropriate?
a) Following a sneeze, the wound pustulated.
b) Following a sneeze, the wound hemorrhaged.
c) Following a sneeze, the wound dehisced.
d) Following a sneeze, the wound eviscerated.
c) Following a sneeze, the wound dehisced.
Explanation:
Dehiscence is the partial or complete separation of wound edges. Evisceration is the protrusion of organs through the surgical incision. Pustulated refers to the formation of pustules Hemorrhage is excessive bleeding.
The nurse assesses a patient who is bleeding profusely from the nose. The nurse documents this finding as which of the following conditions?
a) Rhinorrhea
b) Dysphagia
c) Epistaxis
d) Xerostomia
c) Epistaxis
Explanation:
Epistaxis is due to rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose. Xerostomia refers to dryness of the mouth. Rhinorrhea refers to drainage of a large amount of fluid from the nose. Dysphagia refers to difficulties in swallowing.
When the nurse observes that the postoperative patient demonstrates a constant low level of oxygen saturation via the O2 saturation monitor, although the patient’s breathing appears normal what action should the nurse take first?
a) Notify the physician.
b) Assess the patient’s heart rhythm and nail beds.
c) Apply oxygen.
d) Document the findings.
b) Assess the patient’s heart rhythm and nail beds.
Explanation:
A patient may demonstrate low oxygenation readings due to wearing certain colors of nail polish or irregular heart rate such as atrial fibrillation. These items should be assessed to ensure the accuracy of the oxygen reading. Once the reading is confirmed as accurate, then the nurse may need to apply oxygen, notify the physician, and document the findings.
A patient is administered succinylcholine and propofol (Diprivan) for induction of anesthesia. One hour after administration, the patient is demonstrating muscle rigidity with a heart rate of 180. What should the nurse do first?
a) Administer dantrolene sodium (Dantrium).
b) Notify the surgical team.
c) Obtain cooling blankets.
d) Document the assessment findings.
b) Notify the surgical team.
Explanation:
Tachycardia and muscle rigidity is often the earliest sign of malignant hyperthermia. Early recognition of malignant hyperthermia increases survival. The nurse would document the findings, administer dantrolene sodium (Dantrium), obtain cooling blankets as part of the treatment for malignant hyperthermia, but the nurse would need to ensure the surgical team is aware of the findings first.
When caring for a postsurgical patient, the nurse observes that the client has hemorrhaged and is in hypovolemic shock. Which nursing intervention will manage and minimize hemorrhage and shock?
a) Reinforcing dressing or applying pressure if bleeding is frank
b) Monitoring vital signs every 15 minutes
c) Elevating the head of the bed
d) Encouraging the patient to breathe deeply
a) Reinforcing dressing or applying pressure if bleeding is frank
Explanation:
The nurse should reinforce the dressing or apply pressure if bleeding is frank. The nurse should keep the head of the bed flat unless it is contraindicated. Encouraging the patient to breathe deeply will not help manage and minimize hemorrhage and shock. Monitoring the vital signs every 15 minutes is an appropriate nursing intervention but will not minimize hemorrhage and shock; it will just help to determine the extent and progression of the problem.
The nurse is caring for a patient following a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The nurse notes persistent oozing of bloody drainage from various puncture sites. The nurse anticipates that the physician will order which of the following medications to neutralize the unfractionated heparin the patient received?
a) Aspirin
b) Clopidogrel (Plavix)
c) Protamine sulfate
d) Alteplase (t-PA)
c) Protamine sulfate
Explanation:
Protamine sulfate is known as the antagonist for unfractionated heparin (it neutralizes heparin). Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent. Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an antiplatelet medication that is given to reduce the risk of thrombus formation post coronary stent placement. The antiplatelet effect of aspirin does not reverse the effects of heparin.
The pt is advised to apply a suspension-type lotion to a dermatosis site. the nurse should advise the pt to apply the lotion how often to be effective?
- Every hour
- Every 3 hours
- Every 12 hours
- Every day at the same time
Every 3 hours
The nurse is reading the physician’s report of an elderly patient’s physical examination. The patient demonstrates xanthelasma, which refers to which of the following symptoms?
a) Dark discoloration of the skin
b) Bright red moles
c) Liver spots
d) Yellowish waxy deposits on upper eyelids
d) Yellowish waxy deposits on upper eyelids
Explanation:
Xanthelasma is a common, benign manifestation of aging skin or it can sometimes signal hyperlipidemia. The symptoms are yellowish waxy deposits on the upper eyelids. Solar lentigo is the term that refers to liver spots. Melasma is the term that refers to dark discoloration of the skin. Cherry angioma is the term that is used to describe a bright red mole.
A patient continuously states, “I know all will go well.” What cognitive coping strategy should the nurse document?
a) Music therapy
b) Optimistic self-recitation
c) Distraction
d) Imagery
b) Optimistic self-recitation
Explanation:
When that patient verbalizes this statement, it is an optimistic response. Imagery occurs when the patient concentrates on a pleasant experience or restful scene. Distraction occurs when the patient thinks of an enjoyable story or recites a favorite poem or song. Music therapy would be an incorrect answer.
A patient refuses to remove her wedding band when preparing for surgery. What is the best action for the nurse to take?
a) Allow the ring to stay on the patient and cover it with tape.
b) Remove the ring once the patient is sedated.
c) Notify the surgeon to cancel surgery.
d) Discuss the risk for infection caused by wearing the ring.
a) Allow the ring to stay on the patient and cover it with tape.
Explanation:
Most facilities will allow a wedding band to remain on the patient during the surgical procedure. The nurse must secure the ring with tape. Although it is appropriate to discuss the risk for infection, the patient has already refused removal of the ring. The surgery should not be canceled and the ring should not be removed without permission.
A patient is undergoing a lumbar puncture. The nurse educates the patient about surgical positioning. Which of the following statements by the nurse is appropriate?
a) “You will be on your back with the head of the bed at 30 degrees.”
b) “You will be placed flat on the table, face down.”
c) “You will be lying on your side with your knees to your chest.”
d) “You will be flat on your back with the table slanted so your head is below your feet.”
c) “You will be lying on your side with your knees to your chest.”
Explanation:
For the lumbar puncture procedure, the patient usually lies on the side in a knee-chest position. Flat on the table, face down does not open the vertebral spaces to allow access for the lumbar puncture. Having the patient lie on their back does not allow for access to the surgical site.
A nurse is caring for an older-adult couple in a community-based assisted living facility. During the family assessment he notes that the couple has many expired medications and multiple medications for their respective chronic illnesses. They note that they go to two different health care providers. The nurse begins to work with the couple to determine what they know about their medications and helps them decide on one care provider rather than two. This is an example of which Quality and Safety in the Education of Nurses (QSEN) competency?
A. Patient-centered care
B. Safety
C. Teamwork and collaboration
D. Informatics
B. Safety
Helping the patients understand the consequences and complications of multiple medications helps to build the competency in safety.
The nurse documenting an acute open wound should include which of the following? Select all that apply.
a) Periwound skin
b) Wound size
c) Pattern of eruption
d) Wound bed
a) Periwound skin, b) Wound size, d) Wound bed
Explanation:
When documenting an acute open wound, the nurse should consider the wound’s size, the condition of the periwound skin (skin surrounding the wound), and a description of the wound bed. The pattern of eruption relates to the patterns of lesions on a patient’s skin and does not apply to an acute open wound.
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease involving immunoglobulin G?
a) Bullous pemphigoid
b) Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
c) Pemphigus
d) Toxic epidural necrolysis (TEN)
c. Pemphigus
Explanation:
Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease involving immunoglobulin G. TEN, SJS, and bullous pemphigoid do not involve immunoglobulin G
In caring for a client on contact precautions for a draining infected foot ulcer, which action should the nurse perform?
- Wear a mask during dressing changes.
- Provide disposable meal trays and silverware.
- Follow standard precautions in all interactions with the client.
- Use surgical aseptic technique for all direct contact with the client.
- Follow standard precautions in all interactions with the client.
Rationale: Standard precautions include all aspects of contact precautions with the exception of placing the client in a private room. A mask is indicated when working over a sterile wound rather than an infected one (option 1). Disposable food trays are not necessary for clients with infected wounds unlikely to contaminate the client’s hands (option 2). Sterile technique (surgical asepsis) is not indicated for all contact with the client (option 4). The nurse would utilize clean technique when dressing the wound to prevent introduction of additional microbes.
The nurse is calculating the patient’s smoking history in pack-years. The patient has recently been diagnosed with malignant lung cancer. The patient states he has been smoking two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 11 years. The nurse correctly documents the patient’s pack-years as which of the following?
a) 11
b) 5
c) 22
d) 10
c) 22
Explanation:
Smoking history is usually expressed in pack-years, which is the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day times the number of years the patient smoked. It is important to find out if the patient is still smoking or when the patient quit smoking. In this situation, the patient’s pack years is 22 (2 × 11).
The nurse is educating patients requiring surgery for various ailments on the perioperative experience. What education provided by the nurse is most appropriate?
a) Three phases of surgery and safety measures for each phase
b) Intraoperative techniques used to perform the surgery
c) Risks and benefits of the surgical procedures
d) Expected pain levels and narcotic pain medication used to treat the pain
a) Three phases of surgery and safety measures for each phase
Explanation:
The perioperative period includes the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. Specific safety guidelines are followed for all surgical patients. The information provided should be general enough to be informative about surgery and should not focus on individual surgeries, as all the patients are having different surgeries. Intraoperative techniques, expected pain levels, and pain medication are specific to the patient and type of surgery. The risks and benefits of the surgical procedure should be discussed by the physician.
What is the highest priority nursing intervention for a patient in the immediate postoperative phase?
a) Maintaining a patent airway
b) Assessing for hemorrhage
c) Monitoring vital signs at least every 15 minutes
d) Assessing urinary output every hour
a) Maintaining a patent airway
Explanation:
All interventions listed are correct. The highest priority intervention is maintaining a patent airway. Without a patent airway, the other interventions of monitoring vital signs and urinary output, along with assessing for hemorrhage, become secondary to the possibility of a lack of oxygen.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has undergone peripheral arteriography. How should the nurse assess the adequacy of peripheral circulation?
a) By observing the patient for bleeding
b) By hemodynamic monitoring
c) By checking peripheral pulses
d) By checking for cardiac dysrhythmias
c) By checking peripheral pulses
Explanation:
Peripheral arteriography is used to diagnose occlusive arterial disease in smaller arteries. The nurse observes the patient for bleeding and cardiac dysrhythmias and assesses the adequacy of peripheral circulation by frequently checking the peripheral pulses. Hemodynamic monitoring is used to assess the volume and pressure of blood in the heart and vascular system.
A 35-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with hypertension. The patient is a stock broker, smokes daily, and is also a diabetic. During a follow-up appointment, the patient states that she finds it cumbersome and time consuming to visit the doctor regularly just to check her blood pressure (BP). As the nurse, which of the following aspects of patient teaching would you recommend?
a) Advising a smoking cessation
b) Purchasing a self-monitoring BP cuff
c) Discussing methods for stress reduction
d) Administering glycemic control
b) Purchasing a self-monitoring BP cuff
Explanation:
Because this patient finds it time consuming to visit the doctor just for a blood pressure reading, as the nurse, you can suggest the use of an automatic cuff at a local pharmacy, or purchasing a self-monitoring cuff. Discussing methods for stress reduction, advising a smoking cessation, and administering glycemic control would constitute patient education in managing hypertension.
The nurse observes an African-American pt with a large hypertrophied area of scar tissue on the left ear lobe. What does the nurse document this a finding as?
- Atrophy
- Scar
- Lichenification
- Keloid
Keloid
A surgical patient has been transferred to the holding area. What nursing intervention(s) promote safe and effective nursing care? Select all that apply.
a) Maintain an aseptic environment.
b) Identify the patient using two identifiers.
c) Verify the surgical site and mark it appropriately.
d) Provide oral fluids to the patient.
e) Review the medical records.
f) Apply grounding devices to the patient.
b) Identify the patient using two identifiers., c) Verify the surgical site and mark it appropriately., e) Review the medical records.
Explanation:
Identifying the patient, verifying and marking the surgical site, and reviewing the medical records all promote safe and effective care while the patient is in the holding area. Maintaining an aseptic environment and applying grounding devices are part of the intraoperative phase. Oral fluids should not be provided while the patient is in the holding area.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the ED with an uncomplicated nasal fracture. Nasal packing has been completed. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the patient’s care?
a) Apply pressure to the convex of the nose
b) Apply an ice pack
c) Restrict fluid intake
d) Position the patient in the side-lying position.
b) Apply an ice pack
Explanation:
Following a nasal fracture, the nurse applies ice and encourages the patient to keep the head elevated. The nurse instructs the patient to apply ice packs to the nose to decrease swelling. The packing inserted to stop the bleeding may be uncomfortable and unpleasant, and obstruction of the nasal passages by the packing forces the patient to breathe through the mouth. This, in turn, causes the oral mucous membranes to become dry. Mouth rinses help to moisten the mucous membranes and to reduce the odor and taste of dried blood in the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Applying direct pressure is not indicated in this situation.
The nurse is screening a patient prior to a magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) of the heart. Which of the following actions should the nurse complete prior to the patient undergoing the procedure? Select all that apply.
a) Offer the patient a headset to listen to music during the procedure.
b) Remove the patient’s jewelry.
c) Sedate the patient prior to the procedure.
d) Position the patient on his/her stomach for the procedure.
e) Remove the patient’s Transderm Nitro patch.
a) Offer the patient a headset to listen to music during the procedure., b) Remove the patient’s jewelry., e) Remove the patient’s Transderm Nitro patch.
Explanation:
Transdermal patches that contain a heat-conducting aluminized layer (e.g., NicoDerm, Androderm, Transderm Nitro, Transderm Scop, Catapres-TTS) must be removed before MRA to prevent burning of the skin. A patient who is claustrophobic may need to receive a mild sedative before undergoing an MRA. During an MRA, the patient is positioned supine on a table that is placed into an enclosed imager or tube containing the magnetic field. Patients are instructed to remove any jewelry, watches, or other metal items (e.g., ECG leads). An intermittent clanking or thumping that can be annoying is generated by the magnetic coils, so the patient may be offered a headset to listen to music.
The nurse is administering medications on a medical surgical unit. A patient is ordered to receive 40 mg of oral Corgard (nadolol) for the treatment of hypertension. Prior to administering the medication, the nurse should complete which of the following?
a) Weighing the patient
b) Checking the patient’s serum K+ level
c) Checking the patient’s heart rate
d) Checking the patient’s urine output
c) Checking the patient’s heart rate
Explanation:
Corgard is a beta-blocker. A desired effect of this medication is to reduce the pulse rate in patients with tachycardia and an elevated blood pressure (BP). The nurse should check the patient’s heart rate (HR) prior to administering Corgard to ensure that the patient’s pulse rate is not below 60 (beats per minute (bpm). The other interventions are not indicated prior to administering a beta-blocker medication.
When a patient who has been diagnosed with angina pectoris complains that he is experiencing chest pain more frequently even at rest, the period of pain is longer, and it takes less stress for the pain to occur, the nurse recognizes that the patient is describing which type of angina?
a) Intractable
b) Variant
c) Unstable
d) Refractory
c) Unstable
Explanation:
Unstable angina is also called crescendo or preinfarction angina and indicates the need for a change in treatment. Intractable or refractory angina produces severe, incapacitating chest pain that does not respond to conventional treatment. Variant angina is described as pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation and is thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm. Intractable or refractory angina produces severe, incapacitating chest pain that does not respond to conventional treatment.
The nurse is irrigating a patient’s colostomy when the patient begins to complain of cramping. What is the appropriate action by the nurse?
a) Increase the rate of administration.
b) Discontinue the irrigation immediately.
c) Change irrigation fluid to normal saline.
d) Clamp the tubing and allow patient to rest.
d) Clamp the tubing and allow patient to rest.
Explanation:
The nurse should clamp the tubing and allow the patient to rest when the patient begins to complain of cramping during colostomy irrigation. Once the cramping has stopped, the nurse can resume the irrigation.
A patient is postoperative hour 8 following an appendectomy and is anxious stating, “Something is not right. My pain is worse than ever and my stomach is swollen.” Blood pressure is 88/50, pulse is 115, and respirations are 24 and labored. Abdomen is soft and distended. No obvious bleeding noted. What action by the nurse is most appropriate?
a) Inform the patient this is the normal progression following abdominal surgery.
b) Administer morphine per orders.
c) Ambulate the patient to reduce abdominal distention.
d) Notify the physician.
d) Notify the physician.
Explanation:
The physician should be notified of the findings. The patient may be hemorrhaging internally and may need to return to surgery. The patient may be in need of pain medication but morphine will lower the blood pressure further and may cause further complications. Ambulating the patient increases the risk of injury because the patient may experience orthostatic hypotension. What the patient is experiencing is not the normal progression following abdominal surgery.
A recently extubated postoperative patient starts to gag and make vomiting sounds. What action should the nurse do first?
a) Administer antiemetic.
b) Obtain suction equipment.
c) Turn patient on her side.
d) Provide emesis basin.
c) Turn patient on her side.
Explanation:
The nurse should turn the patient on her side to avoid aspiration. The nurse may need to obtain suction equipment, provide an emesis basin, or administer and antiemetic but the first priority is protecting the patient’s airway by preventing aspiration
The nurse is caring for a client newly diagnosed with secondary hypertension. Which of the following conditions contributes to the development of secondary hypertension?
a) Calcium deficit
b) Hepatic function
c) Renal disease
d) Acid-based imbalance
c) Renal disease
Explanation:
Secondary hypertension occurs when a cause for the high blood pressure can be identified. These causes include renal parenchymal disease, narrowing of the renal arteries, hyperaldosteronism (mineralocorticoid hypertension), pheochromocytoma, certain medications (e.g., prednisone, epoietin alfa [Epogen]), and coarctation of the aorta. High blood pressure can also occur with pregnancy; women who experience high blood pressure during pregnancy are at increased risk of ischemic heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, diabetes, and death from heart attack. Calcium deficiency or acid-based imbalance does not contribute to hypertension.
The nurse is caring for an adult pt with a normal BP. What should the nurse know would be the approiamate insensible water loss per day in this pt?
- 250 ml/da
- 600 ml/day
- 800ml/day
- 1000 ml/day
600 ml/day
The nurse is preparing to perform tracheostomy care on a patient with a newly inserted tracheostomy tube. Which of the following actions, if preformed by the nurse, indicates the need for further review of the procedure?
a) Places clean tracheostomy ties, and removes soiled ties after the new ties are in place
b) Puts on clean gloves; removes and discards the soiled dressing in a biohazard container
c) Cleans the wound and the plate with a sterile cotton tip moistened with hydrogen peroxide
d) Dries and reinserts the inner cannula or replaces it with a new disposable inner cannula
a) Places clean tracheostomy ties, and removes soiled ties after the new ties are in place
Explanation:
For a new tracheostomy, two people should assist with tie changes. The other actions, if performed by the nurse during tracheostomy care, are correct.
The nurse auscultates the PMI (point of maximal impulse) at which of the following anatomic locations?
a) 1 inch to the left of the xiphoid process
b) Left midclavicular line, fifth intercostal space
c) 2 inches to the left of the lower end of the sternum
d) Midsternum
b) Left midclavicular line, fifth intercostal space
Explanation:
The left ventricle is responsible for the apical impulse or the point of maximum impulse, which is normally palpable in the left midclavicular line of the chest wall at the fifth intercostal space. The right ventricle lies anteriorly, just beneath the sternum. Use of inches to identify the location of the PMI is inappropriate based on variations in human anatomy. Auscultation below and to the left of the xiphoid process will detect gastrointestinal sounds, but not the PMI.
Which of the following nursing roles may have prescriptive authority in their practice? (Select all that apply.)
A. Critical care nurse
B. Nurse practitioner
C. Certified clinical nurse specialist
D. Charge nurse
B,C
The circulating nurse is unsure if proper technique was followed when placing an object in the sterile field during a surgical procedure. What is the best action by the nurse?
a) Remove the entire sterile field from use.
b) Remove the item from the sterile field.
c) Ask another nurse to review the technique used.
d) Mark the patient’s chart for future review of infections.
a) Remove the entire sterile field from use.
Explanation:
If there is any doubt about the maintenance of sterility, the field should be considered not sterile. Because the object in question was placed in the sterile field, the sterile field must be removed from use. Removing the individual item is not appropriate, as the field was potentially contaminated. Reviewing the patient’s chart at a later date does not decrease the chance of infection. Although another nurse could observe the technique used to put objects in a sterile field, it does not solve the immediate concern.
The nurse is teaching a patient diagnosed with hypertension about the DASH diet. How many servings of meat, fish, and poultry should a patient consume per day?
a) 4 or 5
b) 7 or 8
c) 2 or 3
d) 2 or fewer
d) 2 or fewer
Explanation:
Two or fewer servings of meat, fish, and poultry are recommended in the DASH diet
A nurse is teaching a patient about valve replacement surgery. Which statement by the patient indicates an understanding of the benefit of an autograft replacement valve?
a) “The valve is from a tissue donor, and I will not need to take any blood thinning drugs with I am discharged.”
b) “The valve is made from my own heart valve, and I will not need to take any blood thinning drugs when I am discharged.”
c) “The valve is made from a pig tissue, and I will not need to take any blood-thinning drugs when I am discharged.”
d) “The valve is mechanical, and it will not deteriorate or need replacing.”
b) “The valve is made from my own heart valve, and I will not need to take any blood thinning drugs when I am discharged.”
Explanation:
Autografts (i.e., autologous valves) are obtained by excising the patient’s own pulmonic valve and a portion of the pulmonary artery for use as the aortic valve. Anticoagulation is unnecessary because the valve is the patient’s own tissue and is not thrombogenic. The autograft is an alternative for children (it may grow as the child grows), women of childbearing age, young adults, patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease, and people who cannot tolerate anticoagulation. Aortic valve autografts have remained viable for more than 20 years.
A nurse assesses arterial blood gas results for a patient in acute respiratory failure (ARF). Which of the following results are consistent with this disorder?
a) pH 7.35, PaCO2 48 mm Hg
b) pH 7.46, PaO2 80 mm Hg
c) pH 7.36, PaCO2 32 mm Hg
d) pH 7.28, PaO2 50 mm Hg
d) pH 7.28, PaO2 50 mm Hg
Explanation:
ARF is defined as a decrease in the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) to less than 50 mm Hg (hypoxemia) and an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) to greater than 50 mm Hg (hypercapnia), with an arterial pH of less than 7.35.
Decreased pulse pressure reflects which of the following?
a) Elevated stroke volume
b) Reduced distensibility of the arteries
c) Tachycardia
d) Reduced stroke volume
d) Reduced stroke volume
Explanation:
Decreased pulse pressure reflects reduced stroke volume and ejection velocity or obstruction to blood flow during systole. Increased pulse pressure would indicate reduced distensibility of the arteries, along with bradycardia.
A 78-year-old woman is undergoing right hip surgery to repair a hip fracture. What nursing action is appropriate during the intraoperative phase?
a) Withhold pain medication due to decreased renal functioning.
b) Appropriately position the patient using adequate padding and support.
c) Discuss the need for higher doses of anesthetic agents with the anesthesiologist.
d) Maintain an operating room temperature of 18°C to prevent hypothermia.
b) Appropriately position the patient using adequate padding and support.
Explanation:
Adequate padding and support should be used to prevent positioning injuries. The older adult is has lower bone mass, which increases the risk of intraoperative positioning injuries. Pain medication can still be used, just in smaller doses, due to decreased liver and kidney functioning. For the same reason as pain medication, lower doses of anesthetic agents are used with the older adult. The operating room is usually maintained from 20°C to 24°C; 18°C is lower than the recommended temperature and can promote hypothermia in the older adult who already has impaired thermoregulation and is prone to hypothermia.
A postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nurse is caring for a patient with the following assessment data: pale, cool, moist skin; thready pulse of 122; blood pressure 78/60; urine output of 25 mL/h; temperature 99.2°F. What interventions by the nurse are appropriate? Select all that apply.
a) Apply oxygen per orders.
b) Frequently monitor neurological status.
c) Maintain a patent airway.
d) Raise the head of the bed 30 degrees.
e) Apply a warming blanket.
f) Administer blood products per orders.
a) Apply oxygen per orders., b) Frequently monitor neurological status., c) Maintain a patent airway., f) Administer blood products per orders.
Explanation:
The patient is demonstrating signs and symptoms of shock. The patient in shock may lose the ability to protect his or her airway. Frequently neurological assessment can provide information related to decrease oxygen to the brain. Administering the blood products may reverse the signs and symptoms of shock. There is an increased need for oxygen when in shock, so it is appropriate to apply oxygen. The head of the bed should not be elevated. The patient should be lying flat or in the Trendelenburg position. Applying a warming blanket when the patient is not hypothermic may cause vasodilation, which could further decrease blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs.
The purpose of postoperative leg exercises is to:
- Maintain muscle tone
- Promote venous return
- Assess range of motion
- Exercise fatigued muscles
Promote venous return
- Promotes normal venous return and circulatory
blood flow
Age-related changes associated with the cardiac system include which of the following? Select all that apply.
a) Increased size of the left atrium
b) Endocardial fibrosis
c) Myocardial thinning
d) Increase in the number of SA node cells
a) Increased size of the left atrium, b) Endocardial fibrosis
Explanation:
Age-related changes associated with the cardiac system include endocardial fibrosis, increased size of the left atrium, decreased number of SA node cells, and myocardial thickening.
The nurse is caring for a patient prescribed Bumex (bumetanide) for the treatment of stage 2 hypertension. Which of the following indicates the patient is experiencing an adverse effect of the medication?
a) Electrocardiogram (EGG) tracing demonstrating peaked T waves
b) Blood glucose value of 160 mg/dL
c) Serum potassium value of 3.0 mEq/L
d) Urine output of 90 cc/mL 1 hour after medication administration
c) Serum potassium value of 3.0 mEq/L
Explanation:
Bumex is a loop diuretic that can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Patients taking these medications may experience a low serum potassium level. ECG changes associated with an elevated serum potassium levels include peaked T waves. Diuresis is a desired effect postadministration of Bumex. The serum glucose level is elevated and requires intervention; however, this elevation is not associated with the administration of Bumex.
The nurse understands it is important to promote adequate tissue perfusion following cardiac surgery. Which of the following measures should the nurse complete to prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and possible pulmonary embolism (PE) development? Select all that apply.
a) Encourage the crossing of the legs.
b) Avoid elevating the knees on the bed.
c) Initiate passive exercises.
d) Place pillows in the popliteal space.
e) Apply antiembolism stockings.
b) Avoid elevating the knees on the bed., c) Initiate passive exercises., e) Apply antiembolism stockings.
Explanation:
Preventative measures utilized to prevent venous stasis include: Application of sequential pneumatic compression wraps or antiembolic stockings; discouraging leg crossing; avoiding elevating the knees on the bed; omitting pillows in the popliteal space; beginning passive exercises followed by active exercises to promote circulation and prevent venous stasis.
The nurses on an acute care medical floor notice an increase in pressure ulcer formation in their patients. A nurse consultant decides to compare two types of treatment. The first is the procedure currently used to assess for pressure ulcer risk. The second uses a new assessment instrument to identify at-risk patients. Given this information, the nurse consultant exemplifies which career?
A. Clinical nurse specialist
B. Nurse administrator
C. Nurse educator
D. Nurse researcher
D. Nurse researcher
The nurse researcher investigates problems to improve nursing care and to further define and expand the scope of nursing practice. He or she often works in an academic setting, hospital, or independent professional or community service agency.
The nurse is caring for a patient in the ED who has a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level of 115 pg/mL. The nurse understands that this finding is most suggestive of which of the following?
a) Heart failure
b) Myocardial infarction
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Ventricular hypertrophy
a) Heart failure
Explanation:
A BNP level greater than 100 pg/mL is suggestive of HF. Because this serum laboratory test can be quickly obtained, BNP levels are useful for prompt diagnosis of HF in settings such as the ED. Elevations in BNP can occur from a number of other conditions such as pulmonary embolus, myocardial infarction (MI), and ventricular hypertrophy. Therefore, the clinician correlates BNP levels with abnormal physical assessment findings and other diagnostic tests before making a definitive diagnosis of HF.
The nurse is caring for a patient in the ICU with a nasotracheal tube. Because of the tube placement, the nurse understands that the patient is at risk for developing which of the following?
a) Severe epistaxis
b) Orbital cellulitis
c) Sinus infection
d) Subperiosteal abscess
c) Sinus infection
Explanation:
Patients with nasotracheal and nasogastric tubes in place are at risk for development of sinus infections. Thus, accurate assessment of patients with these tubes is critical. Removal of the nasotracheal or nasogastric tube as soon as the patient’s condition permits allows the sinuses to drain, possibly avoiding septic complications. Severe epistaxis is not a complication of nasotracheal placement. Subperiosteal abscess and orbital cellulitis are complications of chronic rhinosinusitis.
During a routine assessment of a patient, the nurse notes that the nails are concave shaped. Which of the following is indicated by this finding?
a) Fungal infection
b) Long-standing cardiopulmonary disease
c) Poor circulation
d) Iron deficiency anemia
d) Iron deficiency anemia
Explanation:
The concave shape of the nails, referred to as spooning, is a sign of iron deficiency anemia. Clubbing of the nails, at greater than a 160-degree angle, suggests long-standing cardiopulmonary disease. Nails thicken when there is a fungal infection and also poor circulation.
Which of the following terms refers to a graft derived from one part of a patient’s body and used on another part of that same patient’s body?
a) Autograft
b) Allograft
c) Homograft
d) Heterograft
a) Autograft
Explanation:
Autografts of full-thickness and pedicle flaps are commonly used for reconstructive surgery, months or years after the initial injury. An allograft is a graft transferred from one human (living or cadaveric) to another human. A homograft is a graft transferred from one human (living or cadaveric) to another human. A heterograft is a graft obtained from an animal of a species other than that of the recipient.
A 77-year-old woman presents to the local community center for a blood pressure screening. The women’s blood pressure is recorded as 180/90 mm Hg. The woman has a history of hypertension, but she currently is not taking her medications. Which of the following questions is most appropriate for the nurse to ask the patient first?
a) “Why is it that you are not taking your medications?”
b) “Are you able to get to your pharmacy to pick up your medications?”
c) “Are you having trouble paying for your medication?”
d) “What medications are you prescribed?”
a) “Why is it that you are not taking your medications?”
Explanation:
It is important for the nurse to first ascertain if the reason why the patient is not taking her medications. Adherence to the therapeutic program may be more difficult for older adults. The medication regimen can be difficult to remember, and the expense can be a challenge. Monotherapy (treatment with a single agent), if appropriate, may simplify the medication regimen and make it less expensive. The other questions are appropriate, but the priority is to determine why the medication regimen is not being followed.
The nurse is performing chest auscultation for a pt with asthma. How does the nurse describe the high-pitched, sibilant, muscial sounds that are heard?
- Rales
- Crackles
- Wheezes
- Rhonchi
Wheezes
A patient is being mechanically ventilated in the ICU. The ventilator alarms begin to sound. The nurse should complete which of the following actions first?
a) Manually ventilate the patient.
b) Notify the respiratory therapist.
c) Troubleshoot to identify the malfunction.
d) Reposition the endotracheal (ET) tube.
c) Troubleshoot to identify the malfunction.
Explanation:
The nurse should first immediately attempt to identify and correct the problem and, if the problem cannot be identified and/or corrected, the patient must be manually ventilated with an Ambu bag. The respiratory therapist may be notified, but this is not the first action by the nurse. The nurse should not reposition the ET tube as a first response to an alarm.
The nurse is completing a physical assessment of a patient’s trachea. The nurse inspects and palpates the trachea for which of the following?
a) Color of the mucous membranes
b) Deviation from the midline
c) Evidence of exudate
d) Evidence of muscle weakness
b) Deviation from the midline
Explanation:
During the physical examination, the nurse must inspect and gently palpate the trachea to assess for placement and deviation from the midline. The trachea is normally in the midline as it enters the thoracic inlet behind the sternum, but it may be deviated by masses in the neck or mediastinum. Pulmonary disorders, such as a pneumothorax or pleural effusion, may also displace the trachea. The nurse examines the posterior pharynx and tonsils with a tongue blade and light, and notes any evidence of swelling, inflammation, or exudate, as well as changes in color of the mucous membranes. The nurse also examines the anterior, posterior, and lateral chest walls for any evidence of muscle weakness.
The nurse notes red, papular, round lesions on the patient’s back that blanch with light pressure. The appropriate action by the nurse is which of the following?
a) Notify the physician.
b) Document the finding
c) Apply barrier cream.
d) Turn and reposition patient.
b) Document the finding
Explanation:
Lesions that are red, papular, and round that are located on a patient’s trunk and blanch with pressure are typically cherry angiomas. As this lesion has no clinical significance, the appropriate action by the nurse is to document the findings.
The nurse is caring for a patient complaining of chest discomfort. The patient’s admitting diagnosis is left lower lobe pneumonia. Which of the following strategies will the nurse instruct the patient to use to help alleviate the discomfort?
a) Complete deep breathing exercises when chest discomfort occurs
b) Request narcotic medication when pain is experienced
c) Lying on the right side
d) Assume a left side-lying position while in bed
c) Lying on the right side
Explanation:
Pleuritic pain from irritation of the parietal pleura is sharp and seems to “catch” on inspiration; patients often describe it as being “like the stabbing of a knife.” Patients are more comfortable when they lay on the affected side because this splints the chest wall, limits expansion and contraction of the lung, and reduces the friction between the injured or diseased pleurae on that side. Pain associated with cough may be reduced manually by splinting the rib cage. The nurse would instruct the patient to lie on the left side, not the right, to decrease the pain. While pain medication may be administered, nonpharmacological therapies and non-narcotic interventions should be implemented first. Deep breathing exercises would not aid in decreasing the pain, but rather slowing the patient’s breathing and expanding the lungs.
The nurse is caring for a client with allergic rhinitis. The patient asks the nurse about measures to help decrease allergic symptoms. The best response by the nurse is which of the following?
a) “You should try to reduce exposure to irritants and allergens.”
b) “Be sure to receive your influenza vaccination each year.”
c) “You need to see your ear, nose, and throat specialist monthly.”
d) “Take over-the-counter (OTC) nasal congestions when you experience symptoms.”
a) “You should try to reduce exposure to irritants and allergens.”
Explanation:
The nurse instructs the patient with allergic rhinitis to avoid or reduce exposure to allergens and irritants, such as dusts, molds, animals, fumes, odors, powders, sprays, and tobacco smoke. Receiving an influenza vaccination each year is recommended for patients with infectious rhinitis. To prevent possible drug interactions, the patient is cautioned to read drug labels before taking any OTC medication. Patients with nasal septal deformities or nasal polyps may be referred to an ear, nose, and throat specialist.
A patient with infective endocarditis (IE) and a fever is admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Which of these physician orders should the nurse implement first?
a) Obtain a transesophageal echocardiogram.
b) Order blood cultures drawn from two sites.
c) Give acetaminophen (Tylenol) pro re nata (PRN) for fever higher than 100.3 degrees.
d) Administer ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 1 g IVPB q 12 hours.
b) Order blood cultures drawn from two sites.
Explanation:
Blood cultures (with each set including one aerobic and one anaerobic culture) drawn from different venipuncture sites over a 24-hour period (each set at least 12 hours apart), or every 30 minutes if the patient’s condition is unstable, should be obtained before administration of any antimicrobial agents. It is essential to obtain blood cultures before initiating antibiotic therapy to obtain accurate sensitivity results.
A patient is brought to the operating room for an elective surgery. What is the priority action by the circulating nurse?
a) Acquire ordered blood products.
b) Obtain a sponge and syringe count.
c) Verify consent.
d) Document start of surgery.
c) Verify consent.
Explanation:
Without consent, surgery cannot be performed. Documentation of the start of surgery can only happen once the surgery has started. Blood products must be administered within an allotted time frame and therefore should not be acquired unless needed. The sponge and syringe count is a safety issue that should be completed before surgery and while the wound is being sutured, but the patient has not consented, the surgery should not take place.
The nurse is reviewing discharge instructions with a patient who underwent a left groin cardiac catheterization 8 hours ago. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
a) “Do not bend at the waist, strain, or lift heavy objects for the next 24 hours.”
b) “You can take a tub bath or a shower when you get home.”
c) “If any discharge occurs at the puncture site, call 911 immediately.”
d) “Contact your primary care provider if you develop a temperature above 102°F.”
a) “Do not bend at the waist, strain, or lift heavy objects for the next 24 hours.”
Explanation:
The nurse should instruct the patient to complete the following: If the artery of the groin was used, for the next 24 hours, do not bend at the waist, strain, or lift heavy objects; the primary provider should be contacted if any of the following occur: swelling, new bruising or pain from your procedure puncture site, temperature of 101°F or more. If bleeding occurs, lie down (groin approach) and apply firm pressure to the puncture site for 10 minutes. Notify the primary provider as soon as possible and follow instructions. If there is a large amount of bleeding, call 911. The patient should not drive to the hospital.
Which of the following findings indicates that hypertension is progressing to target organ damage?
a) Urine output of 60 cc/mL over 2 hours
b) Chest x-ray showing pneumonia
c) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 12 mg/dL
d) Retinal blood vessel damage
d) Retinal blood vessel damage
Explanation:
Symptoms suggesting that hypertension is progressing to the extent that target organ damage is occurring must be detected early so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. All body systems must be assessed to detect any evidence of vascular damage. An eye examination with an ophthalmoscope is important because retinal blood vessel damage indicates similar damage elsewhere in the vascular system. The patient is questioned about blurred vision, spots in front of the eyes, and diminished visual acuity. The heart, nervous system, and kidneys are also carefully assessed. A BUN level and 60 cc/mL over 2 hours are normal findings. The presence of pneumonia does not indicate target organ damage.
A postoperative patient begins coughing forcefully when eating gelatin. The nurse notices an evisceration of the intestines. What should the nurse do first?
a) Notify the surgeon.
b) Cover the intestines with sterile, moist dressings.
c) Place the patient in low Fowler’s position.
d) Document the event.
c) Place the patient in low Fowler’s position.
Explanation:
Placing the patient in low Fowler’s position decreases further protrusion of the intestines. The nurse should cover the intestines with a sterile, moist dressing; notify the surgeon and document the event; but first and foremost the nurse should minimize further protrusion of the intestines.
A patient is undergoing a perineal surgical procedure. Which of the following actions by the nurse is appropriate?
a) Place the patient in Sims’ position.
b) Place the patient in a dorsal recumbent position.
c) Place the patient in lithotomy position.
d) Place the patient in the Trendelenburg position.
c) Place the patient in lithotomy position.
Explanation:
The lithotomy position is used for nearly all perineal, rectal, and vaginal surgeries. The Trendelenburg position is usually used for surgery on the lower abdomen and pelvis. Sims’ or lateral position is used for renal surgery. The dorsal recumbent position is the usual position for surgical procedures.
The nurse is performing an assessment of an immobilized client. Which assessment causes the nurse to take action?
- Heart rate 86
- Reddened area on sacrum
- Nonproductive cough
- Urine output of 50 mL/hour
2.Reddened area on sacrum
Rationale: The reddened area of the skin can lead to skin breakdown. The other options are within normal limits.
The nurse understands that an overall goal of hypertension management includes which of the following?
a) There are no complaints of sexual dysfunction.
b) There is no indication of target organ damage.
c) There is no complaint of postural hypotension.
d) The patient maintains a normal blood pressure reading.
b) There is no indication of target organ damage.
Explanation:
Prolonged blood pressure elevation gradually damages blood vessels throughout the body, particularly in target organs such as the heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes. The overall goal of management is that the patient does not experience target organ damage. The desired effects of antihypertensives are to maintain a normal BP. Postural hypotension and sexual dysfunction are side effects of certain antihypertension medications.
Of the following oxygen administration devices, which has the advantage of providing high oxygen concentration?
a) Nonrebreather mask
b) Venturi mask
c) Catheter
d) Face tent
a) Nonrebreather mask
Explanation:
The nonrebreather mask provides high oxygen concentration, but it is usually poorly fitting. However, if the nonrebreathing mask fits the patient snugly and both side exhalation ports have one-way valves, it is possible for the patient to receive 100% oxygen, making the nonrebreathing mask a high-flow oxygen system. The Venturi mask provides low levels of supplemental oxygen. The catheter is an inexpensive device that provides a variable fraction of inspired oxygen and may cause gastric distention. A face tent provides a fairly accurate fraction of inspired oxygen but is bulky and uncomfortable. It would not be the device of choice to provide high oxygen concentration.
The nurse is assessing the integumentary system of a female patient with Cushing’s syndrome. The nurse anticipates which of the following findings?
a) Hyperpigmentation
b) Jaundice
c) Hirsutism
d) Alopecia
c) Hirsutism
Explanation:
The nurse anticipates finding hirsutism, or excessive hair growth as Cushing’s syndrome causes hirsutism, especially in women. Alopecia, jaundice, and hyperpigmentation are not typical assessment findings in patients with Cushing’s syndrome.
A patient arrives at the ED with an exacerbation of left-sided heart failure and complains of shortness of breath. Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention?
a) Administer angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
b) Administer angiotensin II receptor blockers
c) Assess oxygen saturation level
d) Administer diuretics
c) Assess oxygen saturation level
Explanation:
Assessment is priority to determine severity of the exacerbation. It is important to assess the oxygen saturation level of a heart failure patient, as below normal oxygen saturation level can be life-threatening. Treatment options vary according to the severity of the patient’s condition and may include supplemental oxygen, oral and IV medications, major lifestyle changes, implantation of cardiac devices, and surgical approaches. The overall goal of treatment of heart failure is to relieve patient symptoms and reduce the workload on the heart by reducing afterload and preload.
A patient with a myocardial infarction develops acute mitral valve regurgitation. The nurse knows to assess for which of the following manifestations that would indicate that the patient is developing pulmonary congestion?
a) Tachycardia
b) Hypertension
c) Shortness of breath
d) A loud, blowing murmur
c) Shortness of breath
Explanation:
Chronic mitral regurgitation is often asymptomatic, but acute mitral regurgitation (e.g., resulting from a myocardial infarction) usually manifests as severe congestive heart failure. Dyspnea, fatigue and weakness are the most common symptoms. Palpitations, shortness of breath on exertion, and cough from pulmonary congestion also occur. A loud, blowing murmur often is heard throughout ventricular systole at the heart’s apex. Hypertension may develop when reduced cardiac output triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle. Tachycardia is a compensatory mechanism when stroke volume decreases.
The PACU nurse notices that the patient is
shivering. This is most commonly caused by:
1. Cold irrigations used during surgery
2. Side effects of certain anesthetic agents
3. Malignant hypothermia, a serious condition
4. The use of a reflective blanket on the operating
room table
Side effects of certain anesthetic agents
Not always a sign of hypothermia but rather a
side effect of certain anesthetic agents
The nurse is instructing the pt in how to apply a corticosteroid cream to lesions on the arm. What intervention can the nurse instruct the pt to do to increase the absorpiton of the medication?
- Apply an occlusive dressing over the site after application
- Make sure the skin is slightly hydrated so that the medication can absorb through the skin cracks
- Apply a thick layer of cream over the lesions so that if some rubs off, there is more to absorb
- Apply the medication every 2 hours
Apply an occulsive dressing over the site after application
A patient presents to the emergency room complaining of chest pain. The patient’s orders include the following elements. Which order should the nurse complete first?
a) Troponin level
b) Oxygen 2 liters nasal cannula
c) 12-lead ECG
d) Aspirin 325 mg orally
c) 12-lead ECG
Explanation:
The nurse should complete the 12-lead ECG first. The priority is to determine if the patient is suffering an acute MI and implement appropriate interventions as quickly as possible. The other orders should be completed after the ECG.
When the nurse is assessing the older adult patient, what gerontologic changes in the respiratory system should he nurse be aware of?
- Decreased alveolar duct diameter
- Increased presence of muus
- Decreased gag reflex
- Increased prescence of collagen in alveolar walls
- Decreased presence of mucus
Decreased gag reflex, increased presence of collagen in alveolar walls, decreased presence of mucus
The nurse is assessing a pt with TEN. What assessment data would indicate that the pt may be progressing to keratoconjunctivitis (Select all that apply)
- Skin peeling on eyelids
- Pruritus of the eyes
- Burning of the eyes
- Dryness of the eyes
- Blurred optics discs
pruritus of the eyes, burning of the eyes, dryness of the eyes
The nurse is providing teaching to a patient with acne who is using isotretinoin (Accutane) therapy. Which of the following statements should the nurse make?
a) Contraceptives are not needed during treatment.
b) It is teratogenic in humans.
c) The side effects are irreversible.
d) The patient should take vitamin A supplements.
b) It is teratogenic in humans.
Explanation:
Accutane is teratogenic in humans, meaning that it can have an adverse effect on a fetus, causing central nervous system and cardiovascular defects, and structural abnormalities of the face. Contraceptives are needed during treatment. The patient should not take vitamin A supplements while taking this drug. Side effects are reversible with the withdrawal of the medication.
a patient comes into the emergency room complaining about chest pain that gets worse when taking deep breaths and lying down. After ruling out a myocardial infarction, a nurse would assess for which of the following diagnoses?
a) Rheumatic fever
b) Pericarditis
c) Cardiomyopathy
d) Mitral valve stenosis
b) Pericarditis
Explanation:
The primary symptom of pericarditis is pain, which is assessed by evaluating the patient in various positions. The nurse tries to identify whether pain is influenced by respiratory movements while holding an inhaled breath or holding an exhaled breath; by flexion, extension, or rotation of the spine, including the neck; by movements of shoulders and arms; by coughing; or by swallowing. Recognizing events that precipitate or intensify pain may help establish a diagnosis and differentiate pain of pericarditis from pain of myocardial infarction.
A patient asks about the purpose of withholding food and fluid before surgery. Which response by the nurse is appropriate?
a) It prevents aspiration and respiratory complications.
b) It decreases the risk of elevated blood sugars and slow wound healing.
c) It decreases urine output so that a catheter would not be needed.
d) It prevents overhydration and hypertension.
a) It prevents aspiration and respiratory complications.
Explanation:
The major purpose of withholding food and fluid before surgery is to prevent aspiration, which can lead to respiratory complications. Preventing overhydration, decreasing urine output, and decreasing blood sugar levels are not major purposes of withholding food and fluid before surgery.
Which of the following comfort techniques does a nurse teach to a patient with pleurisy to assist with splinting the chest wall?
a) Use a prescribed analgesic
b) Elevate the head of the bed
c) Use a heat application
d) Turn onto the affected side
d) Turn onto the affected side
Explanation:
The nurse teaches the patient to splint the chest wall by turning onto the affected side in order to reduce the stretching of the pleurae and decrease pain.
Which of the following is a potential complication of a low pressure in the endotracheal tube (ET) cuff?
a) Pressure necrosis
b) Tracheal bleeding
c) Aspiration pneumonia
d) Tracheal ischemia
c) Aspiration pneumonia
Explanation:
Low pressure in the cuff can increase the risk for aspiration pneumonia. High cuff pressure can cause tracheal bleeding, ischemia, and pressure necrosis.
The nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with unstable angina receiving IV heparin. The patient is placed on bleeding precautions. Bleeding precautions include which of the following measures?
a) Avoiding subcutaneous (SQ) injections
b) Avoiding the use of nail clippers
c) Using an electric toothbrush
d) Avoiding continuous BP monitoring
d) Avoiding continuous BP monitoring
Explanation:
The patient receiving heparin is placed on bleeding precautions, which can include: applying pressure to the site of any needle punctures for a longer time than usual, avoiding intramuscular injections, avoiding tissue injury and bruising from trauma or constrictive devices (e.g. continuous use of an automatic BP cuff). SQ injections are permitted; a soft toothbrush should be used, and the patient may use nail clippers, but with caution.
Which action will a public health nurse include when planning ways to decrease the incidence of rheumatic fever in the community?
a) Teach individuals of the community to seek medical treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis.
b) Provide prophylactic antibiotics to individuals with a family history of rheumatic fever.
c) Educate individuals of the community about the importance of monitoring temperature when infections occur.
d) Encourage susceptible groups in the community to receive immunizations with streptococcal vaccine.
a) Teach individuals of the community to seek medical treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis.
Explanation:
Prevention of acute rheumatic fever is dependent upon effective antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Family history is not a risk factor for rheumatic fever. There is no immunization that is effective in decreasing the incidence of rheumatic fever. Education about monitoring temperature will not decrease the incidence of rheumatic fever
A pt is complaining of severe itching that intensifies at night. The nurse decides to assess the skin using a magnifying glass and penlight to look for the “itch mite”. What skin condition does the nurse anticipate finding?
- Contact dermatitis
- Pediculosis
- Scabies
- Tinea corporis
Scabies
Why is a client with fever often predisposed to pressure ulcers?
- Pain perception is diminished.
- Medications given to relieve fever cause edema.
- The client may be too weak to change position.
- Increased metabolism causes increased oxygen needs that cannot be met.
- Increased metabolism causes increased oxygen needs that cannot be met; Increased metabolism causes increased oxygen needs that cannot be met; therefore, a client with a fever is predisposed to pressure ulcers. Answers 1 and 2 are false statements. Answer 3 may be a cause of pressure ulcers and may occur in clients with fever, but it is not directly related.
Black wounds are treated with debridement. Which type of debridement is most selective and least damaging?
- Debridement with scissors
- Debridement with wet to dry dressings
- Mechanical debridement
- Chemical debridement
- Chemical debridement; Chemical debridement is either done with enzyme agents or autolytic agents. Answer 1 is a type of sharp debridement. Answers 2 and 3 are mechanical and less precise than chemical.
The nurse is assessing a patient who, following an extensive surgical procedure, is at risk for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nurse assesses for which early, most common sign of ARDS?
a) Bilateral wheezing
b) Rapid onset of severe dyspnea
c) Inspiratory crackles
d) Cyanosis
b) Rapid onset of severe dyspnea
Explanation:
The acute phase of ARDS is marked by a rapid onset of severe dyspnea that usually occurs less than 72 hours after the precipitating event
The nurse is teaching a patient about the correct use of topical concentrated corticosteroids. The nurse includes which of the following? Select all that apply.
a) Avoid prolonged use.
b) Hypertrichosis is normal.
c) Apply to face.
d) Apply to intertriginous areas.
a) Avoid prolonged use., c) Apply to face.
Explanation:
The nurse should teach the patient to avoid prolonged use, which could lead to hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth) and/or steroid-induced acne. The nurse should also tell the patient to avoid applying the corticosteroid to the face and to intertriginous areas.
The nurse has administered the preanesthetic medication. What action should the nurse take next?
a) Educate the patient on discharge instructions.
b) Review the patient’s list of home medications.
c) Obtain the patient’s signature on the consent form.
d) Place the patient on bed rest with the side rails up.
d) Place the patient on bed rest with the side rails up.
Explanation:
The preanesthetic medication can make the patient lightheaded and dizzy. Safety is a priority. The consent form should be signed before the patient is medicated. Consents signed after the patient is medicated are not legal. Reviewing the home medications and educating the patient should take place before the patient is medicated.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is scheduled for a bronchoscopy. The nurse understands that it is important to provide the required information and appropriate explanations for any diagnostic procedure to a patient with a respiratory disorder in order to do which of the following?
a) Aid the caregivers of the patient
b) Ensure adequate rest periods
c) Manage decreased energy levels
d) Manage respiratory distress
c) Manage decreased energy levels
Explanation:
In addition to the nursing management of individual tests, patients with respiratory disorders require informative and appropriate explanations of any diagnostic procedures they will experience. Nurses must remember that for many of these patients, breathing may in some way be compromised and energy levels may be decreased. For that reason, explanations should be brief, yet complete, and may need to be repeated later after a rest period. The nurse must also ensure adequate rest periods before and after the procedures. After invasive procedures, the nurse must carefully assess for signs of respiratory distress.
What action by the nurse best encompasses the preoperative phase?
a) Educating the patients on signs and symptoms of infection
b) Documenting the application of sequential compression devices (SCD)
c) Shaving the patient using a straight razor
d) Monitoring vital signs every 15 minutes
a) Educating the patients on signs and symptoms of infection
Explanation:
Educating the patient on prevention or recognition of complications begins in the preoperative phase. Applying SCD and frequent vital sign monitoring happens after the preoperative phase. Only electric clippers should be used to remove hair.
The nurse is conducting a service project for a local elderly community group on the topic of hypertension. The nurse will relay that risk factors and cardiovascular problems related to hypertension include which of the following? Select all that apply.
a) Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
b) Age ≥55 in men
c) Decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
d) Elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
e) Smoking
a) Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), b) Age ≥55 in men, e) Smoking
Explanation:
Major risk factors (in addition to hypotension) include smoking, dyslipidemia (high LDL, low HDL cholesterol), diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, obesity, physical inactivity, age (older than 55 years for men, 65 years for women), and family history of cardiovascular disease.
hoose the statements that correctly match the hypertensive medication with its side effect. Select all that apply.
a) With ACE inhibitors, assess for bradycardia.
b) With thiazide diuretics, monitor serum potassium levels.
c) Direct vasodilators may cause headache and tachycardia.
d) With adrenergic inhibitors, cough is a common side effect.
e) Beta-blockers may cause sedation.
b) With thiazide diuretics, monitor serum potassium levels., c) Direct vasodilators may cause headache and tachycardia.
Explanation:
Thiazide diuretics may deplete potassium; many clients will need potassium supplementation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can induce a mild to severe dry cough. Beta-blockers may induce decreased heart rate; pulse rate should be assessed b
The nurse is differentiating between a macule and a papule when evaluating a patient’s skin lesion. The nurse determines that the lesion is a papule when which of the following is noted?
a) Greater than 1 cm in diameter
b) Flat skin color change
c) Elevated and palpable
d) Circumscribed border
c) Elevated and palpable
Explanation:
The nurse determines that the lesion is a papule versus a macule when the lesion is noted to be elevated and palpable. Macules are flat, nonpalpable skin color changes. Both macules and papules have circumscribed borders. Macules are less than 1 cm in diameter and papules are less than 0.5 cm in diameter.
The nurse needs to collect a sputum specimen to identify the presence of tuberculosis (TB). Which nursing action(s) is/are indicated for this type of specimen? Select all that apply.
- Collect the specimen in the evening.
- Send the specimen immediately to the laboratory.
- Ask the client to spit into the sputum container.
- Offer mouth care before and after collection of the sputum specimen.
- Collect a specimen for 3 consecutive days.
- Send the specimen immediately to the laboratory.
- Offer mouth care before and after collection of the sputum specimen.
- Collect a specimen for 3 consecutive days.
Rationale: The sputum specimen should be sent immediately to the laboratory. The client should be provided mouth care before and after the specimen is collected. The sputum specimen should be collected for three consecutive days. Option 1 is incorrect because the sputum specimen is collected in the morning not in the evening. Option 3 is incorrect because the term spit indicates that saliva is being examined. The client needs to cough up or expectorate mucus or sputum.
A nurse is caring for a patient after a thoracentesis. Which of the following signs if noted in the patient should be reported to the physician immediately?
a) “Patient is becoming agitated and complains of pleuritic pain.”
b) “Patient has subcutaneous emphysema around needle insertion site.”
c) “Patient has an oxygen saturation level of 93%.”
d) “Patient is drowsy and complains of headache.”
c) “Patient is becoming agitated and complains of pleuritic pain.”
Explanation:
After a thoracentesis, the nurse monitors the patient for pneumothorax or recurrence of pleural effusion. Signs and symptoms associated with pneumothorax depend on its size and cause. Pain is usually sudden and may be pleuritic. The patient may have only minimal respiratory distress with slight chest discomfort and tachypnea with a small simple or uncomplicated pneumothorax. As the pneumothorax enlarges, the patient may become anxious and develop dyspnea with increased use of the accessory muscles.
Production of melanin is controlled by a hormone secreted from which of the following glands?
a) Parathyroid
b) Hypothalamus
c) Adrenal
d) Thyroid
b) Hypothalamus
Explanation:
The production of melanin is controlled by a hormone secreted from the hypothalamus of the brain called melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Production of melanin is not controlled by the thyroid, adrenal, or parathyroid gland.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with a diagnosis of bacterial pharyngitis. The nurse anticipates the patient will be ordered which of the following medications?
a) Tylenol with codeine
b) Robitussin DM
c) Tylenol
d) Penicillin
d) Penicillin
Explanation:
Treatment of choice for bacterial pharyngitis is penicillin. Penicillin V potassium taken for 5 days is the regimen of choice. Traditionally, penicillin was administered as a single injection; however, oral forms are used more often and are as effective and less painful than injections. Penicillin injections are recommended only if there is a concern that the patient will not comply with therapy. Robitussin DM may be used as an antitussive. For severe sore throats aspirin or Tylenol, or Tylenol with codeine may be given.
A nurse is caring for a patient who had an aortic balloon valvuloplasty. The nurse would inspect the surgical insertion site closely for which of the following complications?
a) Evisceration
b) Bleeding and wound dehiscence
c) Thrombosis and infection
d) Bleeding and infection
d) Bleeding and infection
Explanation:
Possible complications of an aortic balloon valvuloplasty include aortic regurgitation, emboli, ventricular perforation, rupture of the aortic valve annulus, ventricular dysrhythmia, mitral valve damage, infection, and bleeding from the catheter insertion sites.
A patient presents to the ED complaining of anxiety and chest pain after shoveling heavy snow that morning. The patient says that he has not taken nitroglycerin for months but did take three nitroglycerin tablets and although the pain is less, “They did not work all that well.” The patient shows the nurse the nitroglycerin bottle and the prescription was filled 12 months ago. The nurse anticipates which of the following physician orders?
a) Chest x-ray
b) Ativan 1 mg orally
c) Serum electrolytes
d) Nitroglycerin SL
d) Nitroglycerin SL
Explanation:
Nitroglycerin is volatile and is inactivated by heat, moisture, air, light, and time. Nitroglycerin should be renewed every 6 months to ensure full potency. The client’s tablets were expired and the nurse should anticipate administering nitroglycerin to assess if the chest pain subsides. The other choices may be ordered at a later time, but the priority is to relieve the patient’s chest pain.
High or increased compliance occurs in which of the following conditions?
a) Pneumothorax
b) Pleural effusion
c) ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
d) Emphysema
d) Emphysema
Explanation:
High or increased compliance occurs if the lungs have lost their elasticity and the thorax is over-distended as in emphysema. Conditions associated with decreased compliance include pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and ARDS.
Evidence-based practice is defined as:
A. Nursing care based on tradition
B. Scholarly inquiry of nursing and biomedical research literature
C. A problem-solving approach that integrates best current evidence with clinical practice Correct
D. Quality nursing care provided in an efficient and economically sound manner
C. A problem-solving approach that integrates best current evidence with clinical practice Correct
Evidence-based practice integrates best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care.
A client has a wound infection. What local human response should the nurse expect to identify?
Edema; Chemical mediators increase the permeability of small blood vessels, thereby causing fluid to move into the interstitial compartment, resulting in local edema.
A pt comes to the ER complaining of a knifelike pain when taking a deep breath. What does this type of pain likely indicate to the nurse?
- Bacterial penumonia
- Bronchogenic carcinoma
- Lung infarction
- Pleurisy
Pleurisy
The nurse is caring for patient experiencing an acute MI (STEMI). The nurse anticipates the physician will prescribe alteplase (Activase). Prior to administering this medication, which of the following questions is most important for the nurse to ask the patient?
a) “How many sublingual nitroglycerin tabs did you take?”
b) “What time did your chest pain start today?”
c) “What is your pain level on a scale of 1 to 10?”
d) “Do your parents have a history of heart disease?”
b) “What time did your chest pain start today?”
Explanation:
The patient may be a candidate for thrombolytic (fibrolytic) therapy. These medications are administered if the patient’s chest pain lasts longer than 20 minutes, unrelieved by nitroglycerin, ST-segment elevation in the at least two leads that face the same area of the heart, less than 6 hours from onset of pain. The most appropriate question for the nurse to ask is in relationship to when the chest pain began. The other questions would not aid in determining if the patient is a candidate for thrombolytic therapy.
A patient has had a 12-lead -ECG completed as part of an annual physical examination. The nurse notes an abnormal Q wave on an otherwise unremarkable ECG. The nurse recognizes this finding indicates which of the following?
a) Variant angina
b) An evolving MI
c) A past MI
d) A cardiac dysrhythmia
c) A past MI
Explanation:
An abnormal Q wave may be present without ST-segment and T-wave changes, which indicates an old, not acute, MI
The nurse is working with the parents of a seriously
ill newborn. Surgery has been proposed for the
infant, but the chances of success are unclear. In
helping the parents resolve this ethical conflict, the
nurse knows that the first step is:
- Exploring reasonable courses of action
- Identifying people who can solve the difficulty
- Clarifying values related to the cause of the
dilemma - Collecting all available information about the
situation.
- Collecting all available information about the
situation. .
Incorporate as much information as possible
from a variety of sources such as laboratory and
test results; the clinical state of the patient; current
literature about the condition; and the patient’s
religious, cultural, and family situation.
Proper technique for performing a wound culture includes what?
- Cleansing the wound prior to obtaining the specimen.
- Swabbing for the specimen in the area with the largest collection of drainage.
- Removing crusts or scabs with sterile forceps and then culturing the site beneath.
- Waiting 8 hours following a dose of antibiotic to obtain the specimen.
- Cleansing the wound prior to obtaining the specimen; Wound culture specimens should be obtained from a cleaned area of the wound. Microbes responsible for infection are more likely to be found in viable tissue.
Collected drainage contains old and mixed organisms. An appropriate specimen can be obtained without causing the client the discomfort of debriding. The nurse does not generally debride a wound to obtain a specimen. Once systemic antibiotics have been begun, the interval following a does will not significantly affect the concentration of wound organisms.
The nurse is caring for a patient prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) orally. The nurse reviews the patient’s prothrombin time (PT) level to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication. The nurse should also evaluate which of the following laboratory values?
a) International normalized ratio (INR)
b) Partial thromboplastic time (PTT)
c) Sodium
d) Complete blood count (CBC)
a) International normalized ratio (INR)
Explanation:
The INR, reported with the PT, provides a standard method for reporting PT levels and eliminates the variation of PT results from different laboratories. The INR, rather than the PT alone, is used to monitor the effectiveness of warfarin. The therapeutic range for INR is 2 to 3.5, although specific ranges vary based on diagnosis. The other laboratory values are not used to evaluate the effectiveness of Coumadin.
The nurse is caring for a patient in the ICU who is receiving mechanical ventilation. Which of the following nursing measures are implemented in an effort to reduce the patient’s risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?
a) Maintaining the patient in a high Fowler’s position
b) Cleaning the patient’s mouth with chlorhexidine daily
c) Turning and repositioning the patient every 4 hours
d) Ensuring that the patient remains sedated while intubated
b) Cleaning the patient’s mouth with chlorhexidine daily
Explanation:
The five key elements of the VAP bundle include the following: elevation of the head of the bed (30 to 45 degrees: semi-Fowler’s position), daily “sedation vacations,” and assessment of readiness to extubate (see below); peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis (with histamine-2 receptor antagonists, such as ranitidine [Zantac]); deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis; and daily oral care with chlorhexidine (0.12% oral rinses). The patient should be turned and repositioned every 2 hours to prevent complications of immobility and atelectasis and to optimize lung expansion.
What action during a surgical procedure requires immediate intervention by the circulating nurse?
a) The surgeon reaching within the sterile field to obtain equipment
b) The scrub nurse calling the blood bank to obtain blood products
c) The anesthesiologist monitoring blood gas levels
d) The registered nurse’s first assistant suturing the surgical wound
b) The scrub nurse calling the blood bank to obtain blood products
Explanation:
The scrub nurse is “scrubbed” in and should only come in contact with sterile equipment. Using the phone to call the blood bank is the responsibility of the circulating nurse and it would break the sterility of the scrub nurse. The surgeon has “scrubbed” and should only touch within sterile fields. The anesthesiologist should monitor blood gas levels as needed, and it is appropriate for the registered nurse first assistant to suture the surgical wound.
The nurse would identify which of the following vitamin deficiencies to prevent the complication of hemorrhaging during surgery?
a) Magnesium
b) Zinc
c) Vitamin K
d) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin K
Explanation:
Vitamin K is important for normal blood clotting. Vitamin A and zinc deficiencies would affect the immune system, whereas a magnesium deficiency would delay wound healing.
The nurse is assessing a patient admitted with infective endocarditis. Which of the following manifestations would the nurse expect to find?
a) Involuntary muscle movements of the extremities
b) Raised red rash on the trunk and face
c) Bruising on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
d) Small painful lesions on the pads of the fingers and toes
d) Small painful lesions on the pads of the fingers and toes
Explanation:
Primary presenting symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever and a heart murmur. In addition small, painful nodules (Osler nodes) may be present in pads of fingers or toes.
The nurse is caring for a patient with herpes zoster. The nurse describes the lesions in the patient’s chart as which of the following?
a) Pustules
b) Vesicles
c) Wheals
d) Cysts
b) Vesicles
Explanation:
The lesions form herpes zoster are vesicles, defined as circumscribed, elevated, palpable, lesions that contain serous fluid and are less than 0.5 cm in diameter. Wheals are elevated masses with transient, irregular borders. Pustules are pus-filled lesions. Cysts are encapsulated fluid-filled or semisolid masses in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis.
The nurse is caring for a patient following a wedge resection. While the nurse is assessing the patient’s chest tube drainage system, constant bubbling is noted in the water seal chamber. This finding indicates which of the following problems?
a) Tension pneumothorax
b) Air leak
c) Tidaling
d) Increased drainage
b) Air leak
Explanation:
The nurse needs to observe for air leaks in the drainage system; they are indicated by constant bubbling in the water seal chamber, or by the air leak indicator in dry systems with a one-way valve. Tidaling is fluctuation of the water level in the water seal that shows effective connection between the pleural cavity and the drainage chamber and indicates that the drainage system remains patent.
The nurse teaches the patient who demonstrates herpes zoster (shingles) which of the following?
a) Once a patient has had shingles, they will not have it a second time.
b) The infection results from reactivation of the chickenpox virus.
c) No known medications affect the course of shingles.
d) A person who has had chickenpox can contract it again upon exposure to a person with shingles.
b) The infection results from reactivation of the chickenpox virus.
Explanation:
It is assumed that herpes zoster represents a reactivation of latent varicella (chickenpox) virus and reflects lowered immunity. It is believed that the varicella zoster virus lies dormant inside nerve cells near the brain and spinal cord and is reactivated with weakened immune systems and cancers. A person who has had chickenpox is immune and, therefore, not at risk of infection after exposure to patients with herpes zoster. Some evidence indicates that infection is arrested if oral antiviral agents are administered within 24 hours of the initial eruption.
The nurse auscultates the lung sounds of a patient during a routine assessment. The sounds produced are harsh and cracking, sounding like two pieces of leather being rubbed together. The nurse would be correct in documenting this finding as which of the following?
a) Crackles
b) Sonorous wheezes
c) Sibilant wheezes
d) Pleural friction rub
d) Pleural friction rub
Explanation:
A pleural friction rub is heard secondary to inflammation and loss of lubricating pleural fluid. Crackles are soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds that occur during inspiration. Sonorous wheezes are deep, low-pitched rumbling sounds heard primarily during expiration. Sibilant wheezes are continuous, musical, high-pitched, whistlelike sounds heard during inspiration and expiration.
Which of the following interventions does a nurse implement for patients with empyema?
a) Do not allow visitors with respiratory infections
b) Encourage breathing exercises
c) Institute droplet precautions
d) Place suspected patients together
b) Encourage breathing exercises
Explanation:
The nurse instructs the patient in lung-expanding breathing exercises to restore normal respiratory function.
A patient admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) diagnosed with a STEMI is anxious and fearful. Which of the following medications will the nurse administer to relieve the patient’s anxiety and decrease cardiac workload?
a) Norvasc (amlodipine)
b) Tenormin (atenolol)
c) IV morphine
d) IV nitroglycerin
c) IV morphine
Explanation:
IV morphine is the analgesic of choice for treatment of an acute MI. It is given to reduce pain and treat anxiety. It also reduces preload and afterload, which decreases the workload of the heart. IV nitroglycerin is given to alleviate chest pain. Administration of Tenormin and Norvasc are not indicated in this situation.
A pt has contact dermatitis on the hand and the nurse observes an area that is thickened and rough btw the thumb and forefinger. What does the nurse know that this is significant of related to repeated scratching and rubbing?
- Atrophy
- Lichenification
- Keloid
- Scales
Lichenfication
The scope of nursing practice is legally defined by:
1. State Nurse Practice Acts
2. Professional nursing organizations
3. Hospital policy and procedure manuals
4. Health care providers in the employing
institutions
- State Nurse Practice Acts
Determines the legal boundaries within each state
The nurse is preparing to assist the health care provider with the removal of a patient’s chest tube. Which of the following instructions will the nurse correctly give the patient?
a) “During the removal of the chest tube, do not move because it will make the removal more painful.”
b) “Exhale forcefully while the chest tube is being removed.”
c) “While the chest tube is being removed, raise your arms above your head.”
d) “When the tube is being removed, take a deep breath, exhale, and bear down.”
d) “When the tube is being removed, take a deep breath, exhale, and bear down.”
Explanation:
When assisting in the chest tube’s removal, instruct the patient to perform a gentle Valsalva maneuver or to breathe quietly. The chest tube is then clamped and quickly removed. Simultaneously, a small bandage is applied and made airtight with petrolatum gauze covered by a 4 × 4-inch gauze pad and thoroughly covered and sealed with nonporous tape. The other options are incorrect instructions for the patient.
A patient presents to the ED complaining of severe coughing episodes. The patient states the “episodes are more intense at night.” The nurse should suspect which of the following conditions based on the patient’s primary complaint?
a) Bronchitis
b) Left-sided heart failure
c) Emphysema
d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
b) Left-sided heart failure
Explanation:
Coughing at night may indicate the onset of left-sided heart failure or bronchial asthma. A cough in the morning with sputum production may indicate bronchitis. A cough that worsens when the patient is supine suggests postnasal drip (rhinosinusitis). Coughing after food intake may indicate aspiration of material into the tracheobronchial tree. A cough of recent onset is usually from an acute infection. A cough that occurs more frequently at night is not associated with COPD, emphysema, or bronchitis.