Exam 2 Review (Ch.3-5)

Question 1

What happens to fluid that moves and vibrates in the inner ear?

Answer 1

Vibrations in the fluids of the inner ear press against the basilar membrane which triggers the hair cells in the organ of corti, their movements generate neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve which will translate it into auditory input that is then projected onto the hearing areas of the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

Question 2

What is the ear drum and what is its function?

Answer 2

It is a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves, and thereby transmits them to the middle and inner parts of the ear.

Question 3

What specific kind of cells form the structure of the retina?

Answer 3

Photoreceptors

Question 4

Define photoreceptors

Answer 4

Cells that respond to light

Question 5

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

Answer 5

Rods and cones

Question 6

Define visual perception

Answer 6

The process by which we organize or make sense of the sensory impressions caused by light that strikes the eyes

Question 7

What is meant by the term binocular cues?

Answer 7

Defined as stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes. – they are cues that involve both eyes and aid din the perception of depth

Question 8

What is the opponent-process theory?

Answer 8

The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow, and some to the intensity of light

Question 9

What causes sensorineural deafness and how does effect a person’s receptiveness to pitch?

Answer 9

Sensorineural deafness can stem from damage/loss of hair cells of the inner car or from damage to the auditory nerve, caused by things like disease or exposure to loud sounds. People with this form of deafness tend to be more receptive/sensitive to some pitches more than others.

Question 10

What is a fovea?

Answer 10

The small spot at the center of the retina that consists of densely packed cones (which it is almost exclusively composed of) and where vision is consequently most acute.

Question 11

What is dark adaptation?

Answer 11

The process of adjusting to lower lighting, it is caused by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones

Question 12

What happens to the transmission of pain messages?

Answer 12

The pain message to the brain is facilitated by the release of chemicals such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, and pain. Prostaglandins then facilitate transmission of the pain message to the brain and hightens circulation to the injured area, causing redness, swellings and what we know as inflammation that attracts infection fighting blood cells to the injury to protect it from germs/ infection.

Question 13

What is a trichromat?

Answer 13

A person with normal color vision; they are sensitive to red-green, blue- yellow, and light and dark.

Question 14

Name the structure in the ear where vibrations from the oval window go to

Answer 14

The oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, and then to the bony tube called the cochlea.

Question 15

What does the term extrasensory perception mean?

Answer 15

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs

Question 16

What does the frequency theory point out?

Answer 16

The theory that the pitch of a sound is reflected in the frequency of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound – notes that for us to perceive lower pitches, we need to match the frequency of the sound waves with our neural impulses.

Question 17

Define continuity

Answer 17

The tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having Unity

Question 18

What is Weber’s constant?

Answer 18

The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived.

Question 19

Define clairvoyance

Answer 19

The perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs

Question 20

What are two items connected with extrasensory perception? define them please

Answer 20

Two items connected with ESP are telepathy and clairvoyance and ESP is also referred to as paraspsychological ( means along side psychology and refers to transfer of information through an irregular or unusual process) or psiphenomena ( refers to the perception of objects or events through mans other them the known sensing organs.)

Question 21

Name the only part of the eye associated with human emotions

Answer 21

The pupil

Question 22

Define proximity

Answer 22

Nearness; the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another

Question 23

What is the auditory nerve and what is its function?

Answer 23

The axon bundle that transmits audio ( in the form of neural impulses)from the organ of corti ‘ to the brain

Question 24

What neurons are associated with pain?

Answer 24

Nociceptors (located in the skin)

Question 25

What are decibels?

Answer 25

A unit expressing the loudness of a sound

Question 26

What does the volley principle consist of?

Answer 26

Accounts for pitch discrimination between a few hundredand 4,000 cycles per second. in response to these sound waves at these frequencies groups of neurons take turns firing(in the way one row of soldiers used to fire rifles while another knelt to reload) this alternate firing (aka volleying ) appears to transmit sensory information about pitches in the intermediate range.

Question 27

What is an afterimage?

Answer 27

The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

Question 28

What are the parts of the middle ear

Answer 28

The eardrum and three small bones ( malleus, incus, stapes or the hammer, anvil and stirrup respectively)

Question 29

What are complementary colors and where are they located?

Answer 29

Complementary colors are colors that when combined make white or near-white light and one usually located opposite each other on the color wheel

Question 30

Describe vestibular sense and what does it let us know about our bodies?

Answer 30

The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity they can tell US weather were falling and provide cues to weather your body is changing speed as well

Question 31

Define extinction in classical conditioning

Answer 31

The process by which the stimuli (Cs) loses the ability to elicit learned responses (CR) because the events that had followed stimuli (CS) no longer occur and are no longer associated with UCS.

Question 32

What did Pavlov discover when he performed tests on the extinction of conditioned responses?

Answer 32

Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the Cs ( the tone ) in the absence of the UCS ( meat powder ) led to extinction of the CR (salivation in response to the tone) after a few trials, the dog stoped salivating at the sound of the tone.

Question 33

What is spontaneous recovery and why is it beneficial for organisms?

Answer 33

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time, this is beneficial to organisms because it helps them to adapt to situations that recur from time to time

Question 34

What is learning from a behaviorist perspective?

Answer 34

A relatively permanent change in behavior that resulted from experience

Question 35

What is learning from a cognitive perspective?

Answer 35

The process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience

Question 36

What is a secondary reinforcer and what is another name for it?

Answer 36

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers and is also called a conditioned reinforcer as a result.

Question 37

What is the process of higher-order conditioning and how does it occur?

Answer 37

A classical conditioning procedure where a previously neural stimulus comes to elicit a response brought forth by a Cs by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus. i.e.—
1.) tone (NS) ————–———> No response in dog and/or orienting response
2.) meat powder(UCS)———> dog salivates (UCR)
3.) tone(NS) + meat powder—-> dog salivates (ucr)
4.) tone (Cs)————————> dog salivates ( CR)
5.) shining light ( Cs 2) + tone ( Cs 1) ———-> dog salivates (CR)
6.) shining light (cs 2)———————————> dog salivates (CR)
7.) keys (cs 3) + lights ( cs2) + tone (Cs 1)——-> dog salivates (CR)
8.) keys (cs 3)——————————-————-> dog salivates (CR)
9.) purple square ( Cs 4) + keys (cs 3) + lights (cs 2)+ tone (Cs 1)——->dog salivates (CR)
10.) purple square ( Cs 4)—————————-> dog salivates (cR)

Question 38

What is the contingency theory?

Answer 38

Formed by Robert Rescorla in an effort to demonstrate weather the behaviorist or cognitive psychologists where more accurate in their interpretations of learning. His theory states that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the recurrence of other stimuli

Question 39

What form of learning is connected with modeled behavior?

Answer 39

Observational learning

Question 40

What is the concept of biological preparedness?

Answer 40

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological make keep of the organism

Question 41

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 41

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

Question 42

Define fixed-interval schedule and describe what happens to an organisms rate of responding based on this schedule

Answer 42

A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule were a fixed amount bot time muster by between The before and following times that reinforcement is available. This type of schedule causes organism’s response rate to fall after each reinforcement and to rise when they are aware time for reinforcement will come.

Question 43

What is Edward Thorndike’s law of effect?

Answer 43

Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in responses,and unpleasant events stamp them out ie. The cat experiment

Question 44

Define reinforcer.

Answer 44

Any stimulus that increases the probability that responses preceding it serves as a reinforcer.

Question 45

What is meant by the term reinforcement

Answer 45

To be reinforced means to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response.

Question 46

What is the cognitive psychologists perspective of classical conditioning?

Answer 46

Cognitive psychologists explain classical conditioning as the ways in which stimuli provide info that allows organisms to former revise mental representations of their environment

Question 47

Define latent learning

Answer 47

Learning that is hidden or concealed in some way

Question 48

Identify the type of reflex that Pavlov found in his laboratory in the start of his early experiments

Answer 48

He was originally attempting to identify neutral receptors in the dog’s month that triggered a response from the salivary glands. The dogs made it difficult with their tendency to salivate at undesired times like when the food trays clacked together. Pavlov began dosing his dogs with meat powder for his research because he knew that salivation in response to meat powder is a reflex

Question 49

What are the four major ways that operant conditioning can be applied

Answer 49

1.) positive reinforcers → the addition of a reward
2.) negative reinforcers → the removal of punishment
3.) positive punishers → the addition of punishment
4.) negative punishers → the removal of reward

Question 50

What are the immediate V.S. delayed reinforcers in terms of their effectiveness and overall consequences

Answer 50

immediate reinforcement is more effective in modifying behavior than delayed reinforcement because organisms tend to seek out and respond more to instant gratification then delayed (even if delayed/long term the consequences of the behaviors are severely harmful).

Question 51

What happens when human beings have frequent contact to violence in the media?

Answer 51

Having frequent contact with violent media increases aggressive thoughts and behavior, it is move prevalent in AMAB(assigned male at birth) and less so in AFAB(assigned female at birth) people and students who obtain higher grades as well.