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General Psychology 200 > Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system (cns)

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world.

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3
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

The minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation

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4
Q

The highness or lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of the sound waves

A

Pitch

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5
Q

Subliminal stimulation

A

Sensory stimulation below a person’s absolute threshold for conscious perception

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6
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimal difference in intensity required between two sources of energy so that they will be precieved as being different

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7
Q

The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

A

Weber’s Constant

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8
Q

Just noticeable difference (jnd)

A

The minimal amount by which a source of energy must be increased or decreased so that - difference in intensity will be perceived

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9
Q

The view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors.

A

Signal-detection theory

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10
Q

Feature detectors

A

Neurons in the sensory cortex that five in response to specific features of sensory information such as lines or edges of objects

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11
Q

Sensory adaption

A

The processes bywhich organisms become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that are constant or on going in magnitude

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12
Q

Sensitization

A

The type of sensory adaption in whichwe become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude (AKA positive adaption)

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13
Q

The type of sensory adaption in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli (AKA negative adaptation)

A

Desensitization

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14
Q

Visible light

A

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations

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15
Q

A muscular-membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

A

Iris

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16
Q

Pupil

A

The black-looking opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye

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17
Q

A transparent body behind the Iris that focuses an image on the retina

A

Lens

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18
Q

Retina

A

The area of the inner surfaceof the eye that contains rods and cones

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19
Q

Cells that respond to light

A

Photoreceptors

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20
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells

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21
Q

Ganglion cells

A

, Neurons whose axons form the optic nerve

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22
Q

The nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

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23
Q

Rods

A

Rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light

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24
Q

Cone-shaped photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color

A

Cones

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25
Q

Fovea

A

An area near the center of the retina that is dense with cores and where vision is consequently most acute

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26
Q

The area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve

A

Blind spot

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27
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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28
Q

Hue

A

The colorof light as determined by its wave length

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29
Q

Transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball

A

Cornea

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30
Q

Presbyopia

A

A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens

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31
Q

The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones

A

Dark adaptation

32
Q

Complementary

A

Descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combined produce while or nearly while light

33
Q

The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

A

After image

34
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cores some which respond to red light, some green, and some blue

35
Q

The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cores some of which respond to red or green light, to blue or yellow light, and some to the intensity of the light.

A

Opponent-process theory

36
Q

Trichromat

A

A person with normal color vision

37
Q

A person who is sensitive to black and while only and hence are color blind

A

Monochromat

38
Q

Dichromat

A

A person who is sensitive to black- white and either red-green on blue-yellow and hence is partially color-blind

39
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole

40
Q

The tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns

A

Perceptual organization

41
Q

Proximity

A

Nearness - the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near
One another

42
Q

Similarity

A

The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance

43
Q

Tie tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unto

A

Continuity

44
Q

Common fate

A

The tending to perceive elements that move together as belonging together

45
Q

The use of contextual knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern

A

Top-down processing

46
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize on form an image of the pattern they compose

47
Q

Sensations that give rise to misperceptions

A

Illusions

48
Q

Stroboscopic motion

A

A visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession

49
Q

Stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye

A

Monocular cues

50
Q

Perspective

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the convergence (coming-togerher ) of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

51
Q

A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher (more detailed) surfaces

A

Texture gradient

52
Q

Motion parallax

A

A monocular cue for depthbased on the perception that near by objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion

53
Q

Binocular cues

A

Stimuli suggestive of depth that involves simultaneous perception by both eyes

54
Q

A binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away

A

Retinal disparity

55
Q

Convergence

A

A binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus onan object that is drawing nearer

56
Q

The tendency to perceive an object as being the same size even as the size of its retrial image changes according to the object’s distance

A

Size constancy

57
Q

Color constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions changed its appearance

58
Q

Brightness constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions changed itsintensity

59
Q

Shape constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object as being the same shape even though the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates

60
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves; one hertz equals one cycle per second

61
Q

Decibels (dB)

A

A unit expressing the loudness of a sound

62
Q

The inner ear; the boney tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of corti

A

Cochlea

63
Q

Basilar membrane

A

A membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea

64
Q

The receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea

A

Organ of Corti

65
Q

Auditory nerve

A

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of court to the brain

66
Q

The theory that pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane which vibrates in response to the sound

A

Place theory

67
Q

Frequency theory

A

The theory that pitch of a sound is reflected in the frequency of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound

68
Q

Flavor

A

A complex qualify of food and other substances that is based on their odor, texture, and temperature as well as taste

69
Q

The nerve that transmits information concerning odors from al factory receptors to the brain

A

Olfactory nerve

70
Q

Taste cells

A

Receptor cells that are sensitive to taste

71
Q

The sensory organs for taste; they contain taste cells and are located mostly on the tongue

A

Taste buds

72
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

Perception of pain apparently “in” limbs that have been amputated, often because of activation of nerves in the stump of the missing limb

73
Q

Melzack’S view that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region.

A

Gate theory of pain

74
Q

Acupuncture

A

Use of pins to diminish pain,possible because of stimulation of release of endorphins and cortisol

75
Q

The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies

A

Kinesthesis

76
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity

77
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

Perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs

General Psychology 200 (15 decks)

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