Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards
What is learning according to behaviorists?
It is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
What is learning according to cognitive theorists?
The process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way key represent the environment because of experience
A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
Classical conditioning
What is a reflex?
A simple unlearned response to a stimulus
What is an environmental condition that elicits a response?
Stimulus
What is an unconditioned stimulus (ucs)?a
A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
What is an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus called?
An unconditioned response (ucr)
What is an orienting reflex?
An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus
What is A conditioned stimulus (cs)?
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it his been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
What is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus referred too as?
A conditioned response (Cr)
What is extinction?
The process where stimuli loses their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that followed the stimuli no longer occur ( the learned responses are said to be extinguished.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
In conditioning, the tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned and is called what?
Generalization
What is discrimination?
In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a Cs and a similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS
A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a Cs by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus is referred to as what?
Counterconditioning
What is flooding?
A behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear-responses (crs) are extinguished.
A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
Systematic desensitization
Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in responses and unpleasant events stamp them out.
Law of effect
What does it mean to be reinforced?
To follow a response with a stimuli that increases the frequency of the response
A behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment
Operant behavior
What is operant conditioning?
A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
What are operants ?
They are the same as an operant behavior.
What is a positive reinforcer?
A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant
What is a negative reinforcer?
A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant
What is a primary reinforcer?
An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning
What is a secondary reinforcer?
A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers.
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
Another term for a secondary reinforcer
What, in operant conditioning, is a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available?
Discriminative stimulus
What is continuous reinforcement?
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
What is partial reinforcement?
One of several reinforcement schedules in which responses are reinforced intermittently
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
A schedule in whicha fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
What is a variable-interval schedule?
A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous one subsequent times that reinforcements is available
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses
What is a variable- ratio schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
What is shaping?
A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the Target behavior
What is successive approximations?
Behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognitive map
Learning that is hidden or concealed
Latent learning
The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
Contingency theory
What is observational learning?
The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by the means of direct experience
What is a model?
An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.
