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Physiology 2 Final Exam Review > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

The only source of large nerve fibers that go all the way from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are via the

A

Pyramidal cells

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2
Q

Neurons communicating with other regions of the cerebral cortex and thalamus originate in which of the following cortical layers?

A

VI

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3
Q

Which of the following landmarks demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex

A

The central sulcus

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4
Q

The major area for language comprehension is

A

Wernicke’s area

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5
Q

Slowly adapting tonic receptors detect continuous stimulus strength; they include all the following EXCEPT…:

A

Phasic receptors

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6
Q

Small, unmyelinated fibers that conduct signals at a slow velocity are…

A

C fibers

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7
Q

T or F: Broca’s area is almost always dominant on the right side of the brain

A

False

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8
Q

T or F: Memory of various details of an integrated thought that might include memory of the surroundings….declarative memory

A

True

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9
Q

In typical sensory pathways, decussation occurs at what level?

A

Secondary (second order) neurons

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10
Q

A diverging neuronal pathway can be used to

A

A and B

  • amplify
  • transmit
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11
Q

The cell bodies of primary sensory neurons are located

A

In the dorsal root ganglia

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12
Q

In typical sensory pathways, tertiary (third order) neurons typically terminate in which of the following areas?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

Critical types of tactile signals, such as two-point discrimination, are transmitted through which of the following?

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

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14
Q

T or F: Fast pain is felt 1 second after application and increases over several seconds

A

False

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15
Q

Pain travels through which of the following pathways?

A

Anterolateral pathway

aka Spinothalamic pathway

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16
Q

Which of the following stimuli can cause headache

A

All of the above

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17
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in which lobe of the cerebral cortex

A

Temporal

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18
Q

Primary neurons carrying two-pt discrimination sensations from the upper limbs synapse where?

A

Nucleus cuneatus

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19
Q

Incoming sensory signals excite which neuronal layer of the cerebral cortex first?

A

IV

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20
Q

The total refractive power of the human eye is about

A

60 diopters

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21
Q

An eyeball that is too short or a lens system that is too weak will cause the light rays coming from ……

A

Hyperopia

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22
Q

The impingement of photons on a rod cell in the retina will cause rhodopsin to dissociate into which of the following?

A

Scotopsin and all-trans retinol

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23
Q

Which of the following statements regarding ion flow through rod membranes in the dark is FALSE?

A

The inside of the rod membrane has a potential of -70mV

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24
Q

In the rods, cGMP sodium gates are closed when phosphodiesterase is activated by which of the following?

A

Transducin

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25
Q

Axons of which of the following cells make up the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

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26
Q

Which of the following is the NT used by rod and cone cells to transmit to bipolar cells?

A

Glutamate

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27
Q

More than half of the ganglion cells are of the X type. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of X types?

A

They have extensive fields

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28
Q

The primary visual cortex is made of how many layers?

A

6

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29
Q

T or F: When the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension, it is almost spherical.

A

True

30
Q

The amount of the signal allowed to pass to the visual cortex is determined by which of the following?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

31
Q

Which is the correct conduction pathway sequence in the middle ear?

A 
Typmanic membrane
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval window
32
Q

Reissner’s membrane separates which of the following pairs of chambers?

A

Scala vestibule/scalamedia

33
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A

The basilar fibers are shortest near the helicotrema

34
Q

Most impedence matching is due to:

A

The differences in surface area of the typmpanic membrane and oval window

35
Q

T or F: in old age nerve deafness, loss of decibels in both air conduction and bone conduction is most apparent below a frequency of 1000

A

False

36
Q

The auditory complex is found in which of the following areas?

A

Lateral aspect of the temporal lobe

37
Q

T or F: The primary auditory cortex is directly excited by projections from the medial geniculate body (nucleus)

A

True

38
Q

Which of the following is a function of the auditory attenuation reflex involving tiny muscles attached to auditory ossicles?

A

All of the above are functions of the auditory attenuation reflex

  • projection
  • masking
  • decreasing
39
Q

Stereocilia (hairs) of the auditory hair cells are embedded in which of the following?

A

Tectorial membrane

40
Q

When hair cell stereocilia are bent, a tugging on the shorter stereocilia occurs such that ion channels open allowing which of the following to enter the hair cells?

A

Potassium

41
Q

Most of the integrative function of the spinal cord is due to which of the following?

A

Interneurons

42
Q

Which of the following BEST describes the function of Renshaw cells?

A

Lateral inhibition

43
Q

Regarding the patellar tendon reflex, which of the following statements regarding the myotactic reflex is TRUE?

A

An afferent fiber from a muscle spindle has an excitatory synapse with an alpha motor neuron to the quadriceps muscle (knee extensor)

44
Q

The afferent neurons from the Golgi tendon organ are of which of the following type?

A

Ib

45
Q

Which of the following efferent fibers are associated with nuclear intrafusal fibers but not nuclear chain gamma fibers?

A

Gamma-dynamic

46
Q

T or F: The muscle spindle is designed to detect changes in muscle tension, while the golgi tendon organ detects changes in muscle length

A

False

47
Q

T or F: Complex patterns of movement are generated in the premotor cortex

A

True

48
Q

The geniculocalcarine tract terminates in which of the following areas?

A

Visual cortex

49
Q

Signals from the macular area of the retina terminate in which of the following areas?

A

Occipital (posterior) pole of the visual cortex

50
Q

Which of the following respond to rapid changes in the visual image?

A

Y type ganglion cells

51
Q

T or F: The peripheral area of the retina is more sensitive to weak light

A

True

52
Q

Which of the following functions is NOT carried out in the motor cortex?

A

Comparison of actual movements with intended movements

53
Q

Control functions for muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders and hips is located in which of the following areas of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

54
Q

Which of the following regions of the cerebellum is mostly associated with the vestibular system?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

55
Q

Which of the following would NOT be a major function of the spinocerebellum?

A

It plans as much as tenths of a second in advance of actual movements (‘motor imagery’)

56
Q

The climbing fibers to the cerebellar cortex originate from which of the following areas?

A

Inferior olivary nuclei

57
Q

Parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex originate from which of the following cells?

A

Granular cells

58
Q

The only output from the cerebellar cortex originates from which of the following?

A

Purkinje cells

59
Q

T or F: In order to prevent the overshooting that would result from pendular movements (resulting in intention tremors) damping is provided primarily by the globus pallidus

A

False

60
Q

Lesions in which of the following deep cerebellar nuclei lead to trunk ataxia?

A

Fastigial nuclei

61
Q

Coordination of skilled movement and speech is primarily associated with which of the following divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

62
Q

A motor image of the total muscle activity that is to be performed first appears in which of the following regions?

A

Premotor cortex

63
Q

T or F: The cerebellum learns by its mistakes

A

True

64
Q

In the direct path involving the basal nuclei, the motor cortex projects to which of the following input nuclei

A

Putamen

65
Q

Excitatory feedback is provided to the globus pallidus internus from which of the following nuclei?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

66
Q

T or F: Activity in the indirect pathway involving the basal nuclei results in a decrease in motor activity

A

True

67
Q

Excitatory glutaminergic input to the motor cortex comes from which of the following?

A

Thalamus

68
Q

Which of the following NTs is the major inhibitory NT in the basal nuclei pathways?

A

GABA

69
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

A

In Parkinson’s disease, dopaminergic pathways to the direct and indirect pathways are lost

70
Q

T or F The cerebellum is NOT essential for locomotion

A

False

Physiology 2 Final Exam Review (4 decks)

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