Exam 1 Review

Question 1

Most output neurons from the cerebral cortex originate from which of the following cortical layers?

Answer 1

V and VI

Question 2

Which of the following landmarks demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex

Answer 2

The central sulcus

Question 3

The major area for language comprehension is

Answer 3

Wernicke’s area

Question 4

The corpus callosum is the major commissure connecting the two halves of the cerebral hemispheres. If this pathway is sectioned, which of the following would NOT be true?

Answer 4

Only the R side of the brain can understand both the written word and the spoken word

Question 5

Small, unmyelinated fibers that conduct signal at a slow velocity are?

Answer 5

C fibers

Question 6

T or F Broca’s area is almost always dominant on the right side of the brain.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

T or F: Memory of various details of an integrated thought that might include memory of the surroundings, memory of time relationships, and memory of the meaning of an experience is referred to as declarative memory.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

A memory system that has been discovered in the sea snail….yada yada yada

Answer 8

Serotonin

Question 9

All the output neurons that are stimulated by an incoming fiber comprise the

Answer 9

Discharge zone

Question 10

A diverging neuronal pathway can be used to

Answer 10

Both A and B

• Amplifying the incoming signal
• Transmit the incoming signal to separate areas

Question 11

Circuit D shown below is an example of which of the following?

Answer 11

Reverbatory circuit

Question 12

Which of the following statements best describes the location of the area of the somatosensory cortex that processes sensation from the lips?

Answer 12

Lateral side of the somatosensory cortex about two-thirds the distance from the sagittal sulcus

Question 13

In typical sensory pathways, decussation occurs at which level?

Answer 13

Secondary (second order neurons)

Question 14

In typical sensory pathways, tertiary (third order) neurons typically terminated in which of the following areas?

Answer 14

Somatosensory cortex

Question 15

Critical types of tactile signals, such as two-point discrimination, are transmitted through which of the following?

Answer 15

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

Question 16

T or F: Fast pain is felt 1 second after application and increases over several seconds

Answer 16

False

Question 17

T or F: Generally, fast pain is elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli; slow pain can be elicited by mechanical, thermal and chemical

Answer 17

True

Question 18

In the slow-chronic paleospinothalamic pathway a small number of fibers pass all the way to the thalamus but most fibers terminate…?

Answer 18

In the reticular formation

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the analgesia-system?

Answer 19

Nucleus ruber

Question 20

T or F: All visceral pain originating in the thoracic and abdominal cavities is transmitted through Ad fibers

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Answer 21

Sensations of pain, heat and cold are lost on the side of the transection below the level of transection

Question 22

Which of the following can cause headache?

Answer 22

All of the above

• stretching or tearing of meninges
• crushing
• inflammation

Question 23

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding thermal signals?

Answer 23

Thermal signals are transmitted via the dorsal column lemniscal pathway

Question 24

Wernicke’s area is located in which lobe of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 24

Temporal

Question 25

Primary neurons carrying two-pt discrimination sensations from the upper limbs synapse where?

Answer 25

Nucleus cuneatus

Question 26

T or F: Spatial summation increasing signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater numbers of fibers

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Aggregrations of neuron cell bodies and dendrites in the peripheral nervous system are called?

Answer 27

Ganglia

Question 28

The cell bodies of primary sensory neurons are located…?

Answer 28

In the dorsal root ganglia

Question 29

Incoming sensory signals excited which neuronal layers of the cerebral cortex first?

Answer 29

IV

Question 30

The total refractive power of the human eye is about?

Answer 30

60 diopters

Question 31

T or F: The peripheral area of the retina is more sensitive to weak light

Answer 31

True

Question 32

An eyeball that is too short or a lens system that is too weak will cause the light rays coming from distant objects to be focused behind the retina. This condition is known as

Answer 32

Hyperopia

Question 33

The impingement of photons on a rod cell in the retina will cause rhodopsin to dissociate into which of the following?

Answer 33

Scotopsin and all-trans retinal

Question 34

Which of the following statements regarding ion flow through rod membranes in the dark is FALSE?

Answer 34

The inside of the rod membrane has a potential of -70mV

Question 35

Which of the following cell types respond to rapid changes in the visual image?

Answer 35

Y type ganglion cells

Question 36

In the rods, cGMP sodium gates are closed when phosphodiesterase is activated by which of the following?

Answer 36

Transducin

Question 37

Axons of which of the following cells make up the optic nerve?

Answer 37

Ganglion cells

Question 38

Which of the following cells is not part of the three-neuron direct pathway in the foveal region of the retina?

Answer 38

Amacrine cells

Question 39

Which of the following is the NT used by rod and cone cells to transmit bipolar cells?

Answer 39

Glutamate

Question 40

More than half of the ganglion cells are of the “X” type. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of X types of ganglion cells?

Answer 40

They have extensive fields

Question 41

T or F: The magnocellular region of the lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for transmitting color

Answer 41

False

Question 42

The primary visual cortex is made up of how many layers?

Answer 42

6

Question 43

T or F: When the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension on it, it is almost spherical.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

How much of the signal is allowed to pass to the visual cortex (gating control) is determined by which of the following?

Answer 44

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 45

The geniculocalcarine tract terminates in which of the following areas?

Answer 45

Visual cortex

Question 46

Signals from the macular area of the retina terminate in which of the following areas?

Answer 46

Posterior pole of the visual cortex

Question 47

Which of the following comprise the major group of nuclei in the brain that serve as relay centers for incoming sensory info and outgoing efferent info?

Answer 47

Thalamus

Question 48

Primary sensory neurons from the lower limbs travel through which of the following?

Answer 48

Fasciculus gracilis

Question 49

The Brown-Sequard syndrome occurs when there is a hemisection of the spinal cord. Which of the following would be observed as one of the results of this injury?

Answer 49

Blocking motor functions on the side of the transection in all segments below the level of the transection

Question 50

The primary somatosensory area is made of which of the following Brodmann’s areas?

Answer 50

1, 2, 3