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exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristic distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells?

A

Cancer cells divide uncontrollably and don’t respond to normal growth signals.

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2
Q

Contact inhibition means that

A

Cells stop dividing when they touch other cells.

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3
Q
  1. What are proto-oncogenes? What do they do? What are the types?
A

Genes that promote cell growth. Types: growth factors, receptors, signaling proteins.

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4
Q
  1. Cancers of epithelial tissues are called what
A

Carcinomas

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5
Q
  1. Most common cancer in men? Women?
A

Men: Prostate cancer. Women: Breast cancer

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6
Q
  1. How does Hodgkin’s Lymphoma develop?
A

It develops from abnormal lymphocytes, usually in lymph nodes.

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7
Q
  1. What is the gene associated with breast cancer?
A

BRCA1 and BRCA2.

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8
Q
  1. What protective behaviors will help prevent cancer?
A

Avoid smoking, eat healthy, exercise, protect from sun exposure.

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9
Q
  1. What are the seven warning signs? What does each letter of CAUTION represent?
A

C: Change in bowel habits
A: A sore that doesn’t heal
U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
T: Thickening or lump
I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O: Obvious change in wart/mole
N: Nagging cough or hoarseness

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10
Q
  1. What should I look for in a mole? Remember ABCDE
A

A: Asymmetry
B: Border irregularity
C: Color variation
D: Diameter > 6mm
E: Evolving

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11
Q
  1. What is a pap test used for?
A

To detect cervical cancer.

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12
Q
  1. What is used to screen colon cancer?
A

Colonoscopy.

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13
Q
  1. What are the main treatments for cancer?
A

surgery, screening therapy, radiation therapy

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14
Q
  1. What are the side effects of radiation?
A

Fatigue, skin irritation, nausea, hair loss.

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15
Q
  1. What are the two parts/components of the cardiovascular system?
A

Heart and blood vessels.

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16
Q
  1. What are the layers of the arteries?
A

Tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa.

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17
Q
  1. What do capillaries look like? What does their structure allow them to do?
A

Thin, single-layered walls allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.

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18
Q
  1. What does a precapillary sphincter do? Where is it found?
A

Regulates blood flow into capillaries, found at the entrance of capillary beds

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19
Q
  1. What happens to the excess fluid from the cardiovascular system? Where does it go?
A

It enters the lymphatic system.

20
Q
  1. What do the valves in the vein prevent?
A

Prevent backflow of blood.

21
Q
  1. What is the sac that surrounds the heart?
A

Pericardium

22
Q
  1. What are the upper chambers of the heart called? Lower?
A

Upper: Atrium, Lower: Ventricle

23
Q
  1. What cell junctions are in the heart?
A

Gap junctions and desmosomes.

24
Q
  1. Trace the flow of blood in the heart and know all the structures
A

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta.

25
25. What is the name of the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
26
26. Which areas of the body are used to take a pulse?
Wrist (radial), neck (carotid), chest, and groin.
27
27. What does 120/80 represent? What does the 120 mean? 80?
120: Systolic pressure (heart contracting), 80: Diastolic pressure (heart relaxing).
28
28. Where in the body is blood pressure the highest?
In the aorta.
29
29. What does the hepatic portal system do?
Carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver.
30
30. What are the functions of blood?
Transport oxygen, nutrients, waste; regulate body temperature; protect from infections
31
31. What are the two major components of blood?
Plasma and formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)
32
32. What is fibrinogen and what does it do?
A plasma protein that helps in blood clotting
33
33. What are the parts of blood plasma?
Water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, waste products.
34
34. What are platelets?
Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
35
35. What is another name for RBC? WBC?
RBC: Erythrocytes, WBC: Leukocytes.
36
36. What gives rise to all the formed elements of the blood?
Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
37
37. What do mature RBC look like?
Biconcave disks, no nucleus
38
38. What hormone stimulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin.
39
39. What’s anemia due to?
Low RBC count or hemoglobin levels.
40
40. Which leukocytes are agranular?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
41
41. What leukocytes are elevated in allergies
Eosinophils.
42
42. What do monocytes differentiate into?
Macrophages.
43
43. What do B Lymphocytes do? What can Cytotoxic T cells do?
B Lymphocytes produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
44
44. What is leukemia?
A type of cancer involving abnormal white blood cells
45

Chapter 3 review (8 decks)

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