Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Are gymnosperms monophyletic?
no
What are cones?
- a new way of housing spores
- seed cone or female cone
- modified leaves
What is the development of seeds in gymnosperms like?
- seeds form in female cones
- each scale has a female gametophyte and megasporangium
What is the alternation of generations like in gymnosperms?
- sporophyte dominant
- gametophytes phase greatly reduced
- sporophyte independent of gametophyte
What are the characteristics of the angiosperms?
- diverse, monophyletic lineage
- flowers and fruits
What is a flower?
the reproductive organs of angiosperms, with four concentric rings
What is the purpose of the perianth?
- sepals protect the inner flower parts in the bud
- petals are colorful and assist in attracting pollinators
What are the two main groups of inflorescences?
indeterminant (racemose) and determinant (cymose)
What is the alternation of generations like in angiosperms?
- dominant sporophyte
- reduced male and female gametophyte
What are the components of a seed? What is the ploidy of each component?
- Embryo (2n)
- Endosperm (3n) = nutritive tissue
How are fruits dispersed?
wind, animals, insects, water
What are the components of the floral formula?
symmetry, calyx(sepals), corolla (petals), androecium, gynoecium, fruit
What are the characteristics of monocots?
- one cotyledon
- generally parallel leaf venation
- scattered vascular bundles in stems
- floral parts are in multiples of 3
What are the characteristics of eudictos?
- monophyletic group
- 2 cotyledons
- reticulate leaf venation
- tap roots
- floral parts are in multiples of 4 or 5
- tricolpate pollen
What group has the smallest seeds?
Orchidaceae
What group has the largest seeds?
Arecaceae (Lodoicea)
What group has the smallest flowering plant?
Araceae (Wolffia)
Resupinate
when flowers turn 180 degrees (orchids)
CAM photosynthesis
stomata open at night to reduce water loss, CO2 is stored and saved for photosynthesis during the day
Cyathium
the characteristic inflorescence of euphorbs
Hypanthium
when the calyx, corolla, and stamens are fused to form a cup-like structure
Prickles
modified hairs/dermal tissue (roses)
Sympetalous corolla
corolla is fused, commonly found in asterids
Colleters
found under stipules, release chemicals that keep away bugs, characteristic of Rubiaceae
Burr
a rough/prickly envelope sometimes found on the fruits in Fagaceae
Pollinium/Pollinia
pollen sacs in orchids that stick to insects
Staminate
a flower with only male functioning reproductive organs
Carpellate
a flower with only female functioning reproductive organs
Monoecious
male and female reproductive structure on one plant (can be on different flowers)
Spine
modified leaves
Nectariferous disk
an elevated part of the receptacle that produces nectar, characteristic of Sapindales
Mucilage canal
characteristic of Malvaceae
Anther inversion
anthers turn 180 degrees during development, characteristic of Ericaceae
Dioecious
when male and female reproductive structures are on two separate plants
Thorn
modified stems
Glucosinolates
sulfur compounds, characteristic of Brassicales
Tendrils
modified leaflets used for support, characteristic of Fabaceae
Epipetalous filaments/stamens
stamens are fused to the petals, characteristic of Asterids
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
naked seeds, no fruit or flowers
What family makes up 10% of angiosperm species diversity?
asteraceae
radiate head
ray flowers on edge, disk in center (sunflowers)
discoid head
only disk flowers
ligulate head
only ray flowers
when you eat an apple, what part of the flower do you eat?
the enlarged hypanthium
determinant/cymose inflorescence
- old at apex, new at base
- ex: cyme, scorpioid, helicoid
indeterminant/racemose inflorescence
- new at apex, old at base
- ex: raceme, spike, spadix, capitulum, umbel, corymb
ABC Sepals
A genes
ABC Petals
A + B genes
ABC Stamens
B + C genes
ABC Carpels
C genes
capitulum
the characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae
