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Plant Taxonomy > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Are gymnosperms monophyletic?

A

no

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2
Q

What are cones?

A
  • a new way of housing spores
  • seed cone or female cone
  • modified leaves
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3
Q

What is the development of seeds in gymnosperms like?

A
  • seeds form in female cones
  • each scale has a female gametophyte and megasporangium
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4
Q

What is the alternation of generations like in gymnosperms?

A
  • sporophyte dominant
  • gametophytes phase greatly reduced
  • sporophyte independent of gametophyte
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the angiosperms?

A
  • diverse, monophyletic lineage
  • flowers and fruits
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6
Q

What is a flower?

A

the reproductive organs of angiosperms, with four concentric rings

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the perianth?

A
  • sepals protect the inner flower parts in the bud
  • petals are colorful and assist in attracting pollinators
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8
Q

What are the two main groups of inflorescences?

A

indeterminant (racemose) and determinant (cymose)

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9
Q

What is the alternation of generations like in angiosperms?

A
  • dominant sporophyte
  • reduced male and female gametophyte
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10
Q

What are the components of a seed? What is the ploidy of each component?

A
  • Embryo (2n)
  • Endosperm (3n) = nutritive tissue
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11
Q

How are fruits dispersed?

A

wind, animals, insects, water

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12
Q

What are the components of the floral formula?

A

symmetry, calyx(sepals), corolla (petals), androecium, gynoecium, fruit

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of monocots?

A
  • one cotyledon
  • generally parallel leaf venation
  • scattered vascular bundles in stems
  • floral parts are in multiples of 3
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of eudictos?

A
  • monophyletic group
  • 2 cotyledons
  • reticulate leaf venation
  • tap roots
  • floral parts are in multiples of 4 or 5
  • tricolpate pollen
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15
Q

What group has the smallest seeds?

A

Orchidaceae

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16
Q

What group has the largest seeds?

A

Arecaceae (Lodoicea)

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17
Q

What group has the smallest flowering plant?

A

Araceae (Wolffia)

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18
Q

Resupinate

A

when flowers turn 180 degrees (orchids)

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19
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

stomata open at night to reduce water loss, CO2 is stored and saved for photosynthesis during the day

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20
Q

Cyathium

A

the characteristic inflorescence of euphorbs

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21
Q

Hypanthium

A

when the calyx, corolla, and stamens are fused to form a cup-like structure

22
Q

Prickles

A

modified hairs/dermal tissue (roses)

23
Q

Sympetalous corolla

A

corolla is fused, commonly found in asterids

24
Q

Colleters

A

found under stipules, release chemicals that keep away bugs, characteristic of Rubiaceae

25
Q

Burr

A

a rough/prickly envelope sometimes found on the fruits in Fagaceae

26
Q

Pollinium/Pollinia

A

pollen sacs in orchids that stick to insects

27
Q

Staminate

A

a flower with only male functioning reproductive organs

28
Q

Carpellate

A

a flower with only female functioning reproductive organs

29
Q

Monoecious

A

male and female reproductive structure on one plant (can be on different flowers)

30
Q

Spine

A

modified leaves

31
Q

Nectariferous disk

A

an elevated part of the receptacle that produces nectar, characteristic of Sapindales

32
Q

Mucilage canal

A

characteristic of Malvaceae

33
Q

Anther inversion

A

anthers turn 180 degrees during development, characteristic of Ericaceae

34
Q

Dioecious

A

when male and female reproductive structures are on two separate plants

35
Q

Thorn

A

modified stems

36
Q

Glucosinolates

A

sulfur compounds, characteristic of Brassicales

37
Q

Tendrils

A

modified leaflets used for support, characteristic of Fabaceae

38
Q

Epipetalous filaments/stamens

A

stamens are fused to the petals, characteristic of Asterids

39
Q

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

A

naked seeds, no fruit or flowers

40
Q

What family makes up 10% of angiosperm species diversity?

A

asteraceae

41
Q

radiate head

A

ray flowers on edge, disk in center (sunflowers)

42
Q

discoid head

A

only disk flowers

43
Q

ligulate head

A

only ray flowers

44
Q

when you eat an apple, what part of the flower do you eat?

A

the enlarged hypanthium

45
Q

determinant/cymose inflorescence

A
  • old at apex, new at base
  • ex: cyme, scorpioid, helicoid
46
Q

indeterminant/racemose inflorescence

A
  • new at apex, old at base
  • ex: raceme, spike, spadix, capitulum, umbel, corymb
47
Q

ABC Sepals

A

A genes

48
Q

ABC Petals

A

A + B genes

49
Q

ABC Stamens

A

B + C genes

50
Q

ABC Carpels

A

C genes

51
Q

capitulum

A

the characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae

Plant Taxonomy (3 decks)

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