Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Are gymnosperms monophyletic?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

What are cones?

Answer 2

• a new way of housing spores
• seed cone or female cone
• modified leaves

Question 3

What is the development of seeds in gymnosperms like?

Answer 3

• seeds form in female cones
• each scale has a female gametophyte and megasporangium

Question 4

What is the alternation of generations like in gymnosperms?

Answer 4

• sporophyte dominant
• gametophytes phase greatly reduced
• sporophyte independent of gametophyte

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the angiosperms?

Answer 5

• diverse, monophyletic lineage
• flowers and fruits

Question 6

What is a flower?

Answer 6

the reproductive organs of angiosperms, with four concentric rings

Question 7

What is the purpose of the perianth?

Answer 7

• sepals protect the inner flower parts in the bud
• petals are colorful and assist in attracting pollinators

Question 8

What are the two main groups of inflorescences?

Answer 8

indeterminant (racemose) and determinant (cymose)

Question 9

What is the alternation of generations like in angiosperms?

Answer 9

• dominant sporophyte
• reduced male and female gametophyte

Question 10

What are the components of a seed? What is the ploidy of each component?

Answer 10

• Embryo (2n)
• Endosperm (3n) = nutritive tissue

Question 11

How are fruits dispersed?

Answer 11

wind, animals, insects, water

Question 12

What are the components of the floral formula?

Answer 12

symmetry, calyx(sepals), corolla (petals), androecium, gynoecium, fruit

Question 13

What are the characteristics of monocots?

Answer 13

• one cotyledon
• generally parallel leaf venation
• scattered vascular bundles in stems
• floral parts are in multiples of 3

Question 14

What are the characteristics of eudictos?

Answer 14

• monophyletic group
• 2 cotyledons
• reticulate leaf venation
• tap roots
• floral parts are in multiples of 4 or 5
• tricolpate pollen

Question 15

What group has the smallest seeds?

Answer 15

Orchidaceae

Question 16

What group has the largest seeds?

Answer 16

Arecaceae (Lodoicea)

Question 17

What group has the smallest flowering plant?

Answer 17

Araceae (Wolffia)

Question 18

Resupinate

Answer 18

when flowers turn 180 degrees (orchids)

Question 19

CAM photosynthesis

Answer 19

stomata open at night to reduce water loss, CO2 is stored and saved for photosynthesis during the day

Question 20

Cyathium

Answer 20

the characteristic inflorescence of euphorbs

Question 21

Hypanthium

Answer 21

when the calyx, corolla, and stamens are fused to form a cup-like structure

Question 22

Prickles

Answer 22

modified hairs/dermal tissue (roses)

Question 23

Sympetalous corolla

Answer 23

corolla is fused, commonly found in asterids

Question 24

Colleters

Answer 24

found under stipules, release chemicals that keep away bugs, characteristic of Rubiaceae

Question 25

Burr

Answer 25

a rough/prickly envelope sometimes found on the fruits in Fagaceae

Question 26

Pollinium/Pollinia

Answer 26

pollen sacs in orchids that stick to insects

Question 27

Staminate

Answer 27

a flower with only male functioning reproductive organs

Question 28

Carpellate

Answer 28

a flower with only female functioning reproductive organs

Question 29

Monoecious

Answer 29

male and female reproductive structure on one plant (can be on different flowers)

Question 30

Spine

Answer 30

modified leaves

Question 31

Nectariferous disk

Answer 31

an elevated part of the receptacle that produces nectar, characteristic of Sapindales

Question 32

Mucilage canal

Answer 32

characteristic of Malvaceae

Question 33

Anther inversion

Answer 33

anthers turn 180 degrees during development, characteristic of Ericaceae

Question 34

Dioecious

Answer 34

when male and female reproductive structures are on two separate plants

Question 35

Thorn

Answer 35

modified stems

Question 36

Glucosinolates

Answer 36

sulfur compounds, characteristic of Brassicales

Question 37

Tendrils

Answer 37

modified leaflets used for support, characteristic of Fabaceae

Question 38

Epipetalous filaments/stamens

Answer 38

stamens are fused to the petals, characteristic of Asterids

Question 39

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

Answer 39

naked seeds, no fruit or flowers

Question 40

What family makes up 10% of angiosperm species diversity?

Answer 40

asteraceae

Question 41

radiate head

Answer 41

ray flowers on edge, disk in center (sunflowers)

Question 42

discoid head

Answer 42

only disk flowers

Question 43

ligulate head

Answer 43

only ray flowers

Question 44

when you eat an apple, what part of the flower do you eat?

Answer 44

the enlarged hypanthium

Question 45

determinant/cymose inflorescence

Answer 45

- old at apex, new at base - ex: cyme, scorpioid, helicoid

Question 46

indeterminant/racemose inflorescence

Answer 46

- new at apex, old at base - ex: raceme, spike, spadix, capitulum, umbel, corymb

Question 47

ABC Sepals

Answer 47

A genes

Question 48

ABC Petals

Answer 48

A + B genes

Question 49

ABC Stamens

Answer 49

B + C genes

Question 50

ABC Carpels

Answer 50

C genes

Question 51

capitulum

Answer 51

the characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae